Warring countries are reported to be laying down their weapons near the hot springs. Located west of La Grande, Lehman Hot Springs is one of the largest hot springs in the Northwest.
SOCIAL BENEFITS
THE FUTURE
Geothermal snowmelt projects in Oregon combine to prevent hundreds of pounds of deicing salts from entering Oregon's streams, rivers and lakes each year.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
DISCLAIMER
EDITOR’S NOTE
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS Heating System
The working fluid is water with 20% car antifreeze to prevent freezing of the hoses in the event of a system failure. The soil receives moisture at 60-68˚C in the colder months and between 40-50˚C during the summer months. The energy consumption in winter per square meter of heated garden is approximately 0.17 kWh per square meter.
Iceland Heated Garden
New York City Heated Garden
Before finalizing the heat exchanger system, tests were developed using a conventional hot water system in a closed loop similar to what was eventually used in the Hveragerdi Gardens. The ground is enclosed by PVC plastic extruded tubular raised outdoor garden bed frames made by Pharmtec Corporation. The roof garden hoses Nylobrade Braid reinforced PVC hose, ¾ inch inside diameter, is placed on top of the drainage membrane.
According to ASHRAE, New York City needs 222 BTUs per square foot to keep sidewalks clear of snow. Both the New York and Hveragerdi heated gardens use about 55 BTUs per square foot, almost exactly one-fourth as much heat energy. Steak Sandwich) were sown on or about April 1 and seedlings were transplanted into 10-cm plastic pots at D'ercole Farms Commercial Garden Center in a heated greenhouse.
MEASUREMENTS
Each bed had a 2cm copper, PVC and two stainless steel pipes running lengthwise, which were covered with 25cm of Premier Tech Ltd. Nerken School of Engineering at Cooper Union, six-by-two-square-foot green roof plots were placed 4x8-foot ¾-inch treated plywood with 2x4-inch treated wood reinforcements on 16-inch centers, in accordance with standard U.S. building practices. PVC Plastic Extruded Pipe Raised Outdoor Garden Beds are made by Pharmtec Corporation.
It is covered by 10 centimeters of Skyland USA LLC, roofliteTM extended mc growth medium for extended green roofs in multi-lane construction. ½ inch NPT vertical float type flow meter and a Watts dial temperature and pressure gauge monitor the hot water system. Pansies (Viola wittrockiana cv. Atlas pers) were sown on or around October 10 in plastic trays at D'ercole Farms in a heated greenhouse.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Despite these limitations, and both the site's lack of sophisticated temperature control and irrigation systems, there were dramatic increases in overall plant growth and yields that mirrored the results of the Harvard Forest soil warming studies (Farnsworth et al., 1992) (Lux et al. al. ., 1991). As shown in Figure 8, the tomato plants from the heated beds all had one or two main roots that followed the pipes. A United States Department of Agriculture SSL analysis of the New York City 3-year heated garden, compared to the control garden, showed no significant differences (USDA, undated).
In Hveragerdi, as shown in Figure 9, in 2008 the hot water circulating through the heated garden on 22 February had a temperature of 68˚C. The heated tomatoes grew by 32% during the data collection period, while the cucumbers grew by 7.11% during the same period. The heated tomato plants produced 176% more tomatoes and 63% more fresh weight than the control tomato plants in the 2008 harvest (Figures 18-19).
CONCLUSIONS
At the Keilir Institute of Technology (KIT) at Asbru in Reykjanesbær, a 16 x 6 square meter garden, as shown in Figure 26, is being created to investigate the potential of utilizing the geothermal waste water from Icelandic houses to increase the growth of trees, flowers and vegetables. The results will be used for gardens around the buildings in Asbru to increase tree growth.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Corporate/Government collaborators
Lead Research Assistants
Research Assistants
POWER GENERATION POTENTIAL FROM COPRODUCED FLUIDS IN THE LOS ANGELES BASIN
Other areas have shown great potential for coproduction, particularly in the Gulf states (Sanyal and Butler reported that Texas alone has thousands of oil and gas wells deep enough to reach temperatures exceeding 250˚F (121˚C). While Gulf Coast California is another promising area for development, particularly in the Los Angeles (LA) Basin, the LA Basin is home to many giant oil fields and has been in production since the early 1900s.
Most of the oil fields in the region are intertwined with the city and thus have immediate access to the electricity grid. Wilmington is the second largest oil field in the state of California, has been in production since 1932 and has a 97% water cut. A process for screening potential cogeneration candidates is demonstrated here, using the Los Angeles Basin as a case study.
ANALYSIS
The 2006 MIT Report on the Future of Geothermal Energy estimated that between California, Oklahoma, and six other states along the Gulf Coast, over 11,000 MW could be generated from co-produced fluids, which would double the world's current geothermal capacity. The LA Basin has had a long history of water flooding, but also a significant amount of steam flooding; The Wilmington, Huntington, Richfield, Inglewood and Newport West oil fields have used steam flooding to name a few. After depleting these steam-flooded reservoirs of oil, some of the injected heat can potentially be recovered (Limpasurat et al, 2010).
Another factor that makes the LA basin so attractive is its proximity to urban centers. Temperature and production data were incorporated into a simple STARS numerical model to predict reservoir performance over 30 years and power production from a binary power plant. These results were then used in an economic model to determine the net present value of the project.
Temperature and Production Data
Operations are conducted primarily from four man-made islands just off the coast of Long Beach where space limitations require the use of electric submersible pumps instead of jack arms for pumping; this represents a large electricity demand that can potentially be met on site. Unfortunately, as geofluids from multiple zones in the Wilmington field are drawn together during production, additional infrastructure may be required to keep the geofluids of different temperatures separate before a binary power plant is installed. For this analysis, zones Tar and Ranger in Wilmington field leaving Upper Terminal, Lower Terminal, Union Pacific, Ford and 237 reservoirs are omitted.
STARS Numerical Model
Power Output Analysis
Economic Analysis
Altogether, these fields have the potential to produce 8.2 MW over 30 years at a power plant outlet temperature of 55˚C. The potential use of water-cooled systems and therefore a power plant output temperature of 35˚C could increase production to 18.7 MW). Gross energy potential of each of the 49 active oil fields in the Los Angeles Basin with the economic success criterion of. Although the reservoir temperature is sufficiently high, production rates are not, which severely limits potential energy generation.
Considering all zones in the Newhall Potrero field, this results in a 14 kW power plant sustained for 30 years, which is still uneconomic. Excluding the two shallowest and coolest zones, Ranger and Tar, the Wilmington oil field can sustain a 3.55 MW power plant for 30 years, resulting in NPV of over $19.6 million. The most productive zone in the Wilmington Offshore field, Ranger, accounts for 84% of the entire production and unfortunately has a reservoir temperature of only 61˚C.
CONCLUSION
To demonstrate this, consider the Newhall Potrero oil field, which has the highest recorded temperature in the LA Basin: 162˚C in zone 7. Unfortunately, this is currently happening in Wilmington offshore production – geofluids from multiple zones are being collected in the production process. . This analysis is done on a per-field basis, but a different analysis by operator may be necessary, as multiple operators developing in the same field would most likely not be willing to combine production for a binary plant.
2009 Annual Report of the State Oil and Gas Supervisor." Division of Oil, Gas and Geothermal Resources. Oilfield Urban Development in the Los Angeles Basin California Department of Conservation Division of Oil, Gas and Geothermal Resources. The Future of Geothermal Energy in the 21st Century: Impact of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) on the United States. MIT http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2007/.
GOT DATA?”
FOUR-HOUSE COMPARISON OF HVAC OPERATING COSTS
It is estimated that subtracting hydrothermal values will reduce geothermal electrical energy consumption by 10 percent, more or less, but this proxy method of data collection does not lend itself to such precision. The occupancy history of the 2,950 square foot propane house enhanced the data analysis and further encouraged the combination of space and water heating costs. During idle periods, propane was not used for water heating, and minimal electricity was required.
One-third of the occupancy-related increase (~8%) was allocated to gas-fired water heating and was found to be comparable to the energy offset for geothermal home water heating. The first builder drilled a dry water well to 350 feet and asked, “I put $30,000 into this hole; what can we do with it?" Geyer proposed installing a single 1.25-inch high-density polyethylene loop, 710 feet long, in a lined well to support a four-ton Command Air heat pump with a DHW superheater. Of all the HVAC equipment installed only the capacity of the propane house high heat burner was oversized (+~40%).
PAISLEy OREGON GEOTHERMAL PROJECT
PROJECT
One of the ways this is most evident is the level of cooperation between farmers and the enterprise. Dennis Trexler and Dan Hand authored the USDA Feasibility Report, which recommended further development. Surprise Valley Electric Corporation (SVEC), the local electric cooperative, became interested in developing the resource.
The cooler water from the discharge of the power plant actually improves the quality of the irrigation water and the thermal energy provides another source of income for the farm and helps to keep electricity rates low in rural areas. An upfront guarantee from the State of Oregon for a business energy tax credit worth up to 35% of the project. As a result of grant funding from DOE's Geothermal Technologies Program, SVEC has funded a 2-meter probe survey, a gravity survey, and geological surveys to keep the project moving forward.
GEO-HEAT CENTER
