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3.1. Experimental setup and background physics

Experimental studies have been carried out at the multiple-mirror magnetic trap GOL-3 at BINP (Fig. 1). The main objectives of its research program are the physics of collective plasma heating by a high-power REB and the physics of plasma confinement in a multi-mirror (periodically modulated along the axis) magnetic field (see, e.g., [18,19]). The major parameters and operational regimes of GOL-3 are: deuterium plasmas are confined in a 12-meter-long solenoid, which has 52 corrugation periods (cells of multi-mirror system) of 22 cm length each; the magnetic field in the maxima is 4.8 T and that in the minima 3.2 T (mirror ratio 1.5). The solenoid ends are provided by magnetic mirrors with a field of 8-9 T. In the experiments being discussed here, the deuterium plasma had a density of (1÷8)×1014 cm-3 with a bell-shaped axial density profile (due to gas-puffing technology where some dense gas was also puffed into the beam compression area). Plasma heating is provided by the high-power REB. The electron beam is initially generated in a sheet (planar) diode of the U-2 accelerator. After compression by a magnetic field it gets a circular cross-section. Then this REB is injected through one solenoid end and propagates in the plasma along the magnetic field lines. The main parameters of the REB are: energy ~ 0.7 MeV, current ~ 20 kA, pulse duration ~ 12 μs, and initial energy content ~ 90 kJ. The plasma in the GOL-3 is initially created by a high-current linear pre-discharge along the magnetic field. The cold plasma diameter is ~8 cm and the electron beam diameter at B = 3.2 T is approximately 4 cm. When the REB is injected into the plasma a strong collective relaxation of the beam electrons is observed. The classical free path length of a single

beam electron in the GOL-3 plasma is some 1000 km, nevertheless we observe a strong average deceleration of the beam electrons. The measured mean energy loss of the REB can exceed 50% after passing the plasma column [20]. The plasma heating is highly non-uniform along the axis. This was naturally explained by the concurrence of several processes, including gradual degradation of the REB quality, change of the ratio of electron beam density to plasma density, particle and energy transport, etc. The measured almost linear growth of the plasma pressure is plotted in Fig. 2.

Here we will concentrate on the first phase of the experiment when the high-power REB is injected into the plasma and a high-level LT is pumped during the beam-plasma interaction. The turbulence in turn dramatically affects the properties of the plasma. The known collective phenomena in the GOL-3 plasma are summarized in ref. [18-25].

Registration of EM emission was performed at two distances from the REB injection plane: about 0.8 m and 1.8 m, where the magnetic field is B  4 T. Diamagnetic signals show that the maximum efficiency of REB-plasma interaction is in this area. Information about the intensity of the beam-plasma interaction was obtained by comparison of measurements of the electron energy distribution function before and after injection into the plasma column.

sheet beam diode

U-2 generator of the electron beam

corrugated magnetic

field e

solenoid

xit unit

50 60 70 80 0 0.5 W_D, 1019 eV/cm 0 0.5 U_d, MV t, s

Figure 2: Dynamics of plasma heating in a typical shot. Waveforms of diode voltage Ud and

diamagnetic signal WD are shown at z = 264 cm from the input mirror.

In order to measure the plasma parameters we apply a Thomson scattering diagnostic system based on a Nd-glass laser (1.054 μm). The laser generates two independently triggered pulses with 10-20 J energy and 20 - 40 ns duration each. The time delay between the two pulses can be varied from 0.1 - 100 μs. This system allows to measure the plasma density at 8 locations over the plasma cross section at a distance of 1.4 m from the REB injection point. The Thomson scattering system was also used to measure the velocity distribution of heated plasma electrons. Time dynamics of the integrated plasma density is registered at a distance of 0.8 m from the REB injection point by a Michelson interferometer based on a СО2 laser. We developed two

radiometric systems capable of measuring the power of the sub-THz emission which will be described in Chapter 5.

3.2. Experimental results

First experiments confirmed that the spectrum of the emitted EM radiation depends on the plasma density in the investigated area of the plasma column. For example, in the case of constant plasma density of n0  3·1014 cm-3 during 6 μs of electron beam

injection the radiated spectrum is broad and we measured a slowly varying ratio between the signals for 3 frequency bands [8]: 275GHz, 312 GHz, and 350 GHz with the maximal radiation power at the 312 GHz.

The opposite case is when the plasma density increases during the REB injection time. This occurs when the ionization degree at the start of beam injection is about 50% and then increases up to 100% with the increase of the plasma electron temperature up to 2-3 keV. Measurements for the final values of the plasma density ne  5·1014 cm-3 and

ne  7·1014 cm-3 showed an up-shifting of the maximum of the spectral power density

and a smaller bandwidth of generated radiation. Such behavior can be explained by the dependence of the frequency spectrum on the ratio of electron cyclotron frequency to plasma frequency [26].

At z = 0.8 m the power density of LT – induced sub-mm-wave emission during injection of a 10-s-REB at plasma densities of n  1014 _{- 10}15 _cm-3 _{and magnetic B }

4 T was measured to be up to 5 –10 kW/cm3 in the frequency band above 100 GHz. For the plasma density 1014 cm-3 the measured specific power of the emitted radiation in the band from 250 to 300 GHz was 1 kW/cm3. Theoretical estimations [3] assuming a ratio of the energy density of the LT to the total plasma energy density of 0.1 result in a theoretical value of 7 kW/cm3. The measured maximal power level of emission around 2p is localized close to the region with maximal plasma pressure at approximately 0.8

m from the REB injection point (see Fig. 3) and increases with increasing magnetic field due to the increasing plasma pressure.

U_bol, mJ mJ/sr·cm2 0,1 1 10 0,5 1 1,5 2 z, m 100 10 U_bol, mJ mJ/sr·cm2 0,1 1 10 0,5 1 1,5 2 z, m 100 10

Figure 3: Total energy of emitted EM radiation measured by the bolometer along the plasma column from z = 0.5 m to 2.0 m.

4. Generation of Sub-mm Wave Radiation by a Two-Stage Scheme in a