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To ascertain cross-language validation of IPVAS, CEDV, and SDS both original and Urdu versions were administered over a span of 15 days on the same sample.

Participants. 36 volunteer university students from a public university in Islamabad studying M.Sc. (Ist and 4th Semester) Psychology across the age range 20- 25 years participated in this step of the research. Out of the total sample, six were male

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students. The sample used in cross language validation was not approached for the data collection of the pilot or main study.

Procedure. The scales were administered in a classroom setting. Half of the students were given the original English version and the other half were given translated versions, in the first administration. After 15 days, a second administration was carried out. However, this time the scales were administered in reverse order. The purpose of cross-language validation was not mentioned to the students but after the second administration they were debriefed. Analysis was done through SPSS 19.

Results. Pearson Product Moment correlations were computed to determine indices for cross-language validation of the Urdu versions of IPVAS, CEDV, and SDS-17 (see Table 1-3).

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Table 1

Correlation between IPVAS-Eng and IPVAS-Urdu (N = 36)

IPVAS-Eng Control Abuse Violence

Urdu-English (n=18) IPVAS-Urdu .87*** .72*** .61** .67** Control .72** .84** .67** .57* Abuse .82*** .61** .67*** .51** Violence .65** .56** .52 .71*** English-Urdu (n=18) IPVAS-Urdu .84*** .62*** .57** .64** Control .64** .51** .63** .59** Abuse .72** .51** .66*** .54** Violence .55** .49** .52** .61** Note. ***p < .001. **p < .01. Table 2

Correlation between CEDV-Eng and CEDV-Urdu (N = 36) CEDV-

Eng

Viol. Involve R.Fac Com.exp O.victim H.exp

Urdu-English (n=18) CEDV- Urdu .84*** .64*** .57** .58** .68*** .69* .47* Viol. .64** .61** .47 .59** .57** .60** .65** Involve .74*** .61** .76*** .54 .49* .51* .56* R.Fac .55** .49** .42* .71*** .43* .44* .47* Com.Exp .67*** .41** .46* .66*** .63*** .45* .61** O.Victim .48* .51* .54* .59** .62** .62** .34 H.Exp .49** .42* .57** .60** .55** .49** .71** English-Urdu (n=18) CEDV- Urdu .76*** .68** .52** .50** .61** .60** .42

80 Viol. .58** .64** .39 .50** .52** .56** .59** Involve .71*** .58** .66** .51* .43* .47* .52* R.Fac .58** .39 .52* .57** .33 .34 .42* Com.Exp .61** .52* .46* .60* .56** .45* .61** O.Victim .52** .51* .51* .52* .46* .37 .34 H.Exp .43* .52* .50* .53* .45* .59** .66**

Note. ***p < .001. **p < .01. *p < .05; Viol=Violence; Involve=Involvement; R.Fac=Risk Factors; Com.Exp=Community Exposure; O.Victim=Other Victimization; H.Exp=Home Exposure

Table 3

Correlation between SDS-17-Eng and SDS-17-Urdu (N = 36)

SDS-17-English Urdu-English (n=18) SDS-17-Urdu .89*** English-Urdu (n=18) SDS-17-Urdu .77*** ***p < .001

Table 1-3 show satisfactory correlation between the original English and Urdu versions of IPVAS, CEDV, and SDS-17 for both groups. The indices of correlation are highly significant for group 1 (n= 18) in which the Urdu version was administered first, and then the English version was administered, but these are comparatively weak when the English version was administered first (n = 18). Overall, we can declare safely that Urdu versions of IPVAS, CEDV, and SDS-17 are valid measures to study attitudes towards IPV, childhood exposure to domestic violence, and social desirability.

81 3.2. Phase II: Pilot Study

A pilot study was undertaken prior to conducting the main study in order to assess the psychometric properties of the newly translated and adapted versions of the scales and for identification of possible problematic areas of the research protocols. This phase was very important as it provided relevant data which might have been overlooked in previous steps and helped to make necessary revisions prior to the implementation of the main study.

Sample. The participants in the pilot study were a subset of the main study. The use of at least three participants per item of the measure to conduct the preliminary psychometric testing of a new instrument is recommended (Nunnally & Bernstein, 1994; Tabachnick, & Fidell, 2001). Keeping this in mind, the ratio of at least 3 to 1 item was adopted to select a sample of 300 (18-25 years) young adults (females=180, males=120). The sample was selected from two public universities of Islamabad by using convenience sampling technique.

Measures. Each participant completed the following booklet consisting of three scales (Urdu versions): CEDV (Edleson et al., 2007), IPVAS (Fincham et al., 2008), and SDS-17 (Stoeber, 2001) along with a background information sheet. The detailed information about the instruments has already been provided in the previous section of this chapter.

Procedure. Prior to data collection, permission from the administration of each department of the participating universities was sought and the booklet of the scales was shown to the administrative authorities. Along with a trained field assistant, and a youth counsellor, I visited each class for two consecutive days. On the first day of the visit, the focus was on rapport development with the prospective participants. After

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introduction information sheet was discussed in detail and they were informed about youth counsellor. After taking part in the survey, if anyone felt that s/he could help me further in understanding the phenomenon, they could contact me by my email to organize an interview.

I was well aware that sharing the experiences of exposure to IPV and recalling traumatic experiences may result in young adults feeling threatened because of the potential for labelling. Therefore, I highlighted the motivation of my research i.e., it is beneficial to people other than myself as this will provide a basis for introducing intervention programmes with young people to enhance their resilience. I also shared that I too had experienced/observed some of these things in my childhood and even this little personal sharing helped them in feeling more comfortable discussing issues with me.

The next day, those who volunteered to participate were gathered in groups and the booklet of questionnaires, along with the demographic sheet and consent form, packed in a large envelope, were given to them, following a brief summary of the information sheet. Written instructions to fill the scales were attached and they were requested to read them carefully. An adequate gap was maintained between the seats of the participants to ensure their privacy. They were also requested to cover/hide their responses with the envelope. They were asked to complete the questionnaires honestly and their voluntary participation and the right to quit at any time were emphasised. Each time, the order of the scales was changed to control order effect.

They were told to feel free to continue with filling the booklet or leaving it if they desired, hence, that activity was made optional for them. Only three students out of 300 declined from participation. As the subject under study was considered an

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everyday issue for the society and none of the students had ever been part of any research about IPV, it appeared to be an interesting activity for them and the majority of them appreciated being involved research like this. Any queries during the course of data collection were clarified.

Participants did not appear to face any significant problems while responding to items on the SDS-17. However, some of them experienced difficulty in understanding items of IPVAS as their educational background was in an English medium, which made it difficult to understand some word/vocabulary in Urdu. So, they were asked to suggest any alternatives. For CEDV, some of the participants suggested removing the second part of the first 10 questions and suggested that it could be open-ended. It took almost 40-50 minutes to complete the booklet.

After completion, the participants were thanked for their cooperation and again requested to contact me if they wanted to take part in my fully confidential in-depth (face to face) interviews. Then, debriefing was carried out which also included providing information about the availability of the free youth helpline number and their feedback.

Data analysis: At this stage, the data was analyzed by using SPSS 19. Initially, reliabilities and inter-subscale correlations were computed as indicators of psychometric properties of IPVAS and CEDV that was found satisfactory.

For internal consistency, Cronbach Alphas for SDS-17, IPVAS and CEDV and their subscales were calculated (N = 300) to determine the internal consistency of scales. The Cronbach Alphas achieved for all the scales as well as for subscales lie in satisfactory range. These were .78 for total IPVAS and .81, .72, and .75 for Control, Abuse and Violence respectively. For CEDV, the alpha coefficients came to be .73

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and .71, .65, .56, .72, .78, .81 for the subscales respectively. Overall, the results showed that Cronbach Alphas were in acceptable range.

A committee consisting of two people from the National Institute of Psychology with expertise in test development and myself reflected upon the suggestions of the participants regarding the format of IPVAS and CEDV. It was decided, for the IPVAS, to provide an English version of the items besides its Urdu translation so that the students who come from English medium would not encounter any problems. However, on the CEDV, it was decided to retain the second part of the first 10 questions because only a few of the participants suggested removal and changing the format of questions un-necessarily in translation and adaptation was not considered a desirable procedure. In the end, in an attempt to reflect on what was accomplished and found in the pilot phase, the plan for the future was discussed.