I have suggested already that chapters 5–14 represent an ethical section in which the summons to imitate Paul’s way of the cross receives expansion.1 In this chapter I seek to show that this expansion occurs according to an observable Pauline ethical pattern.
Because this common ethical arrangement implies a certain theological logic (of identification with Christ in his bodily accomplishments), my exploration will interact to some degree with investigations and systematisations of Pauline ethics such as those by Burridge, Countryman, Furnish, Hays, Horrell, Klawans, Lohse, Meeks, Rosner, and Schrage. However, because my overall thesis concerns the arrangement of this Pauline letter rather than Pauline ethics in general, my focus will be on the order and function of the material in 1 Corinthians 5-14.
The Pattern and its Logic
I suggest that the general logic of much Pauline ethics may be encapsulated as follows: those who are brought into union with Christ in his bodily accomplishments are called to offer their
bodies selflessly to God through Christ, and participate lovingly within the body of Christ.
We shall need above all to direct our gaze to the picture of the body of Christ Himself, who became man, was crucified and rose again. In the body of Jesus Christ God is united with humanity, the whole of humanity is accepted by God, and the world is reconciled with God. In the body of Jesus Christ God took upon himself the sin of the whole world and bore it.2
1
In section 2 of chapter 2, under the heading Pastorally Driven Rhetoric.
2 Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Ethics (trans. Neville Horton Smith; London: SCM Press, 1955), 71;
It is my contention that this logic is evidenced in a common arrangement of Pauline ethics.3 It seems possible to detect a common movement of concepts within Paul’s discussion of sin/sanctification, as follows:4
• Theme I: sanctification of the church that involves avoidance of sexual immorality, impurity, and greed/passionate desire – often in relation to bodies
• Theme II: sanctification of the church that involves the avoidance of inter-relational sin, and the promotion of love – particularly expressed in self-restraint/submission within the body of Christ
This Pattern in the Pauline Literature
1 Thessalonians 4
This chapter forms the major hortatory section of 1 Thessalonians, and begins with issues of sexual immorality (τῆς πορνείας) and the control of personal bodily members (τὸ ἑαυτοῦ σκεῦος – the word is debated, and may refer to one’s body or to a man’s wife) in verses 1-8:
1 Thessalonians 4:1-8: Theme I: sexual immorality, bodies, lustful passions, greed Restrain yourselves from sexual immorality [πορνείας] (4:3)
Let each hold their own vessel [ἑαυτοῦ σκεῦος] in holiness and honour (4:4)
3 Although systematisations of Pauline ethics rightly seek to be attentive to the ethical norms
communicated or assumed throughout the Pauline literature, my own interest here is a survey of those sections of Paul’s letters that are especially regarded as “hortatory”.
4 The terminology of “body” is sometimes, but not always, explicitly used in this common
movement of concepts. I consider that the concepts that cluster in “Theme I” concern humans in their communicative physical natures, particularly in terms of desiring and pursuing basic
appetitive taboos. Thus, when σώμα is used in this setting, it is more specific than Robinson’s
idea of the “complete person”, but somewhat broader than Gundry’s conception of
“physicality”. I concur with Thiselton, who suggests, “Gundry argues for the importance of ‘the physical side of sōma,’ highlighted by its proximity to ‘flesh’… in [1 Cor] 6:14-20. But Käsemann’s notion of the self as sharing in the observable, visible, intelligible, communicable, tangible life of the ‘world’ is broad and more faithful to the arguments of this and parallel Pauline passages. Gundry is not ‘wrong,’ but simply does not go far enough”. Thiselton,
The Thessalonians are not to engage in the passionate desire (πάθει ἐπιθυμίας) of Gentiles, or
to be greedy (πλεονεκτεῖν5
) in regard to these things:
Not in passionate desire [ἐν πάθει ἐπιθυμίας], like the Gentiles who do not know
God; let no one wrong or be greedy [πλεονεκτεῖν] with regard to a brother in this
matter (4:5-6)
The discussion moves in verses 9-12 to the need for love of one another (ἀγαπᾶν ἀλλήλους):
1 Thessalonians 4:9-12: Theme II:6 love
Now concerning brotherly love [φιλαδελφίας] you have no need for us7 to write to
you, for you yourselves are taught by God to love one another [ἀγαπᾶν ἀλλήλους]
(4:9)
Charles A. Wanamaker describes this paraenetic progression as moving from “sexual norms” to “familial love”.8
Galatians 5:19-21, 22ff
This vice list serves to represent the “works” of the flesh, and begins with sexual immorality (πορνεία), impurity (ἀκαθαρσία), debauchery (ἀσέλγεια), and idolatry (εἰδωλολατρία), before
moving onto other (especially interactional) vices:
5 The precise sense of this word in context is debated. See the discussion of Countryman’s
views below.
6 In 1 Thessalonians, the usage of hortatory love terminology occurs only from 4:9: 1
Thessalonians 4:9-10, 5:8, 5:13
7 The construction in the Greek here is unexpected (οὐ χρείαν ἔχετε γράφειν ὑμῖν), but may
perhaps reflect the Pauline practice of placing the onus for basic catechetical development squarely on the Christian community (cf. 2 Cor. 12:21; Eph. 4:17-24).
8 Charles A. Wanamaker, The Epistles to the Thessalonians: A Commentary on the Greek Text
Galatians 5:19-21: Theme I: sexual immorality, impurity, debauchery, etc.
The works of the flesh are plain, for they are sexual immorality [πορνεία], impurity
[ἀκαθαρσία], debauchery [ἀσέλγεια], idolatry [εἰδωλολατρία], sorcery, enmities,
strife [ἔρις9
], zeal [ζῆλος], anger, quarrels, dissenssions, divisions
Notably, the subsequent “virtue list” begins with love (ἀγάπη), and emphasises inter-personal
virtues:
Galatians 5:22-23: Theme II: love, joy, peace, etc.
But the fruit of the Spirit is love [ἀγάπη], joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness,
faithfulness, gentleness, self-control
Furnish comments, “It is hardly accidental that love heads the opening triad and thus stands first in the whole list”.10
1 Corinthians 5–14
I will explore 1 Corinthians 5–14 in much greater detail later in this chapter. At this point, a general observation will suffice. As the main ethical section of 1 Corinthians, chapters 5–14 move from a discussion that includes sexual immorality (πορνεία), impurity (ἐκκαθάρατε τὴν παλαιὰν ζύμην), greed (ὑμεῖς ἀδικεῖτε καὶ ἀποστερεῖτε), bodily ownership (σῶμα οὐ τῇ πορνείᾳ ἀλλὰ τῷ κυρίῳ) and marriage in chapters 5–7, to a discussion of issues that require
self-sacrificial love (ἀγάπη οἰκοδομεῖ) within the one body (ἓν σῶμα οἱ πολλοί ἐσμεν) in
chapters 8–14.
9
Numerous important early manuscripts have the singular here; and this would agree with Paul’s use of the term in catechetical lists elsewhere (e.g. Rom 1:28-31; 2 Cor 12:20).
10 Victor Paul Furnish, Theology and Ethics in Paul (Nashville, Tenn.: Abingdon Press, 1968),
1 Corinthians 5–7: Theme I: sexual immorality, greed, impurity, bodies
Actually it is reported that there is sexual immorality [πορνεία] among you, and such
that is not even tolerated among the Gentiles (5:1)
Clean out [ἐκκαθάρατε11
] the old leaven, in order that you might be a new batch (5:7)
But now I write to you that you should not mingle with anyone who takes the name “brother” who is a fornicator [πόρνος] or greedy [πλεονέκτης] or an idolator
[εἰδωλολάτρης] or a reviler or a drunkard or a swindler. (5:11)
But you act unjustly and defraud [ἀποστερεῖτε], and this to brothers and sisters!... Do
not be deceived: neither fornicators [πόρνοι] nor idolators [εἰδωλολάτραι] nor
adulterers [μοιχοί] nor the sexually perverted [μαλακοί] nor man-bedders
[ἀρσενοκοῖται]12 nor thieves nor the greedy [πλεονέκται] nor drunkards nor revilers
nor swindlers will inherit the kingdom of God. (6:8-11)
The body [σῶμα13] is not for sexual immoraliy [πορνείᾳ] but for the Lord, and the
Lord for the body. (6:13)
Because of sexual immoralities [τὰς πορνείας], each husband should have his own
wife, and each wife her own husband14…. The wife does not exercise authority over
11 Of course, this verse hints at the practices associated with the feast of Unleavened Bread and
Passover. It is noteworthy for the purposes of this survey that Paul chooses to utilise the terminology of purity in the context of a discussion of the community’s allowance of πορνεία.
Fitzmyer comments, “He writes ekkatharate, ‘clean out’ (plur. impv.), which in this context means not only purification, but also connotes exclusion of that which contaminates.” Fitzmyer, First Corinthians, 241.
12 The previous two terms in this list are notoriously difficult to translate. For the sake of the
survey, their precise meanings are less important than the broad fact that they relate to sexual vice.
13
It is important to note that at this point the “body” in view is corporeal rather than corporate. Fee notes that this is “one of the more important theological passages in the NT about the human body.” Fee, First Epistle, 251.
14
her own body [τοῦ ἰδίου σώματος], but rather the husband; likewise the husband does
not exercise authority over his own body, but rather the wife. (7:1-4)
1 Corinthians 8-14: Theme II: love, concern for the other, one body
Now concerning idol meat, we know that “we all have knowledge”. Knowledge puffs up, but love builds up [ἀγάπη οἰκοδομεῖ].15 (8:1)
Therefore if food causes my brother or sister to stumble, I will never eat meat again, so that my brother or sister might not stumble. (8:13)
Though being free of all, I have enslaved myself to all, in order that I might gain many. (9:19)
The bread that we break – is it not a participation in the body of Christ [κοινωνία τοῦ σώματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ]? Because there is one loaf, we who are many are one body
[ἓν σῶμα].16 (10:16-17)
Everything is “lawful”, but not everything is beneficial. Everything is “lawful” but not everything builds up [οἰκοδομεῖ]. Let no one seek their own good, but that of the
other. (10:23-4)
For those who eat and drink without discerning the body [διακρίνων τὸ σῶμα] bring
judgement upon themselves.17 (11:29)
15 Although “love” here is a noun rather than an imperative verb, it is clear that the verse is
introducing an extended summons for a renewal of attitude and action in Corinth, characterised especially by “love” and “building up”. This sense matches the pattern as it occurs elsewhere in the material surveyed.
16
Again, there is no imperative to act as “one body” here, but rather the statement that the Supper assumes (or creates) this identity. As with 8:1, however, the imperatival implication of this statement is clear: the Corinthians are to act as those who are collectively one body, participating in Christ himself.