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As it is typically employed as a qualitative approach, the case study method typically leans upon interviews, observation of police participants and the analysis of documents and artefacts as the main sources of primary data collection. This study also utilises those sources. Case studies are also often purposive in nature, the traditional discourse around sampling approaches not necessarily communicating well the intentions of case studies - as they infer that the case has

344 _{Smith and Pohland, “Education, Technology, and the Rural Highlands.”}

345 _{Malcolm Parlett and David Hamilton, “Evaluation as Illumination,” in Curriculum Evaluation}

Today: Trends and Implications, ed. David Tawney (London: Macmillan, 1976), 84–101.

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been selected from a larger population of like cases, which is not necessarily true.347

That considered, the selection research participants within each unit of analysis was also done so on a purposive basis. The purposive approach is so defined by the selection probability of participants being 100%, 0%, or unknown, with no way of statistically quantifying the sampling process.348 _{This approach enables the rich,}

in-depth analysis of phenomena applicable to the specific case. In order to identify participants effectively; the case study approach relies on the pre-development of theoretical propositions, or as discussed previously ‘foreshadowed problems’.349

In this instance it has been proposed that multi-agency partnership work has an impact upon the police and statutory partners’ ability to identify and safeguard victims, and assists them in bringing perpetrators to justice.

Propositions such as this aid and guide the selection of research participants. It is important to acknowledge that this approach, although appropriate in the given context, does not provide, or seek to provide, a representative subset of the wider population and as such any generalisations made must be theoretically based, as opposed to statistical.350

For this study, participants are selected on a structural basis due to the importance and relevance of their respective occupational group, or role in multi-agency anti- slavery work, in their region. Primarily, this involved the interview of key informants from the police forces within each of the five regions. Across all regions, officers ranged from those at rank of Detective Constable (DC) to those at rank of Detective Chief Inspector (DCI). In all cases those interviewed were either force Single Points of Contact (SPOCs) or were engaged with anti-slavery partnership work or anti-slavery investigations and could be considered

347 _Yin.

348 _{Yates, Doing Social Science Research, 1:42–43.} 349 _{Yin, Case Study Research: Design and Methods.}

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authoritative voices within their respective regional anti-slavery partnership arrangements.

Further participants were also selected on an emergent basis (also referred to as opportunistic sampling) as more understanding of the case setting was elicited, advantage of particular events and opportunities to speak with key stakeholders as they arose.351 _{No participants were directly queried for demographic}

information. Only details regarding organisation and specifics around job roles were asked as this information was deemed relevant to understand the individual and organisations potential role within the anti-slavery agenda at large.

In region one, police interviews were supplemented with a focus group involving other statutory and non-statutory anti-slavery partners (including local government, immigration enforcement, and NGOS). In region two, a further interview was conducted with a member of the regions (devolved) local government. All full list of participants, their associated roles and regions is included in Table 3, overleaf:

351 _{Deborah Cohen and Benjamin Crabtree, “Qualitative Research Guidelines Project,” Robert}

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Region Organisation / Role Type

Region 1 (Large

Metropolitan)

 Police / Detective Sergeant #1

 Police / Detective Sergeant #2

 Police / Detective Constable  Police / Detective Sergeant

#1

 Police / Detective Sergeant #1

 Police training event (various)

 Police / Detective Chief Inspector (Human trafficking lead and head of force intelligence)

 Police / Detective Sergeant #1

 Police / Analyst

 Police / Detective Sergeant #1

 12 people, various roles (Multiple NGOs, local authority figures inc. safeguarding leads, immigration enforcement)  05-2015 Interview  05-2015 Interview  05-2015 Interview  03-2015 Field memo  06-2015 Field memo  09-2015 Field memo  09-2015 Interview  09-2015 Field Memo  09-2015 Field Memo  09-2016 Interview  02-2017 Focus Group Region 2 (Devolved)

 Police / Detective Chief Inspector

 Police / Detective Sergeant  Central Government  02-2018 Interview  03-2018 Interview  03-2018 Interview Region 3 (Rural North)

 Police / Detective Inspector

 Police / Detective Inspector  01-2017 Interview  02-2018 Interview Region 4

(Rural South)

 Detective Chief Inspector (force human trafficking lead)

 03-2018 Interview

Region 5 (Coastal South)

 Detective Chief Inspector (force human trafficking lead)

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Table 3: Research Participants

In defining the participants, it is important to consider the role being played by each in terms of achieving the research objectives. A number of different approaches toward framing the nature of participants are regularly cited dependent upon disciplinary background. For instance, Bernard notes important differences between the disciplines of sociology and anthropology in their use of the terms ‘informants’ (anthropology) and ‘respondents’ (sociology).352 _{Levy and}

Hollan provide a definition that partially begins to separate between the two, identifying informants as those who describe culture, and respondents as those who discuss beliefs, experiences and behaviour.353

At this point it is important to acknowledge that the use of the informant in this specific description bears no relation to the use of the word informant by law enforcement and the wider intelligence and security communities – and is used purely academically. For this study, research participants contribute to the study as both respondents and informants.354

As respondents, research participants contribute by illuminating the story of their local anti-slavery landscapes, the behaviour and actions of those with which they work alongside in local partnership arrangements, and their beliefs about the successes and challenges of those partnerships. However, culture is also an important facet of discerning the role and operation of partnerships as the study seeks to attribute challenges and resulting successes that emerge from working within a collaborate multi-agency setting. Therefore, participants are being asked

352 _{H. Russell Bernard, Research Methods in Anthropology: Qualitative and Quantitative}

Approaches (AltaMira Press, 1994).

353 _{Douglas Hollan, “Setting a New Standard: The Person-Centered Interviewing and Observation}

of Robert I. Levy,” Ethos 33, no. 4 (1998): 459–66.

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to play a dual role in the research, as both respondents and informants. The actual make-up of the informants and respondents is guided by the boundaries of the core case, consisting of key actors within the selected units of analysis - five regional place-based anti-slavery partnerships.

In terms of defining the tangible mechanisms for the extraction of data from the identified participants, a number of approaches have been employed. These primarily include semi-structured interviews, observation of police participants and the extraction of data from documentation such as intelligence reports and meeting minutes. There are a range of factors that bear consideration when defining these mechanisms. For example, surveys often employ wider samples and thus provide greater opportunity for generalisations, whereas mechanisms such as focus groups or interviews can provide scope for the extraction of greater levels of detailed information.

Semi-structured interviews specifically formed the primary means of data collection. This was due to their ability to balance the need to structure discussion around key themes, whilst also enabling the emergence of issues and information that had not previously been considered - yet that was found to be of significance to the study.355 _{The identification of such themes was initially guided by a review}

of existing literature, both from the academic and practitioner perspectives, and then iteratively updated throughout the course of the study based upon intermediary trends and findings. As an exploratory study, particular interest lies in understanding the individual accounts of participants working within multi- agency partnerships. Therefore, narrative enquiry was adopted in order to emphasis the participants’ own understanding and perspective on their experiences.356 _{Narrative enquiry was considered an important tool during the}

study. It allowed the study to piece together an understanding of the partnership

355 _{Catherine Dawson, A Practical Guide to Research Methods, 4th ed. (How To Books, 2007).} 356 _{D. Jean Clandinin and F. Michael Connelly, Narrative Inquiry: Experience and Story in}

Qualitative Research (San Francisco, California: Joey Bass, 2004),

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landscape from the perspective of practitioners from across five regional anti- slavery partnerships.