4. Hallazgos 30
4.1 Acceso a trabajo remunerado (principio de anti pobreza) 31
KOČAN, ANNA FABIŠIKOVÁ, ZUZANA
STACHOVÁ SEJÁKOVÁ, and MILENA
DÖMÖTÖROVÁ
Department of Toxic Organic Pollutants, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia [email protected]
The most important source of dioxin and PCB ex- posure of infants in their first months of life is breast milk. The infant exposure from breast milk depends on mother’s age, number of deliveries and lactations, place of resi- dence, dietary habits14.
This study presents for the first timethe daily intake (DI) of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds for the most vulnerable breast-fed infant population in Slovakia. Com- parison of infant intake and levels of monitored POPs in breast milk with data in other countries was performed.
Congener-specific analyses of 17 toxic polychlori- nated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated diben- zofurans (PCDFs) and 12 toxic dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) were performed in 106 individual breast milk samples from primiparae and multiparae moth- ers living in or close industry regions, municipal and waste incinerators, which are known to be a contributor to dioxin and related compound emissions. Milk samples were ob- tained from mothers without any pregnancy and delivery complications from regions Šaľa, Košice, Krompachy and Michalovce during the period of 2006–2008.
The milk fat was isolated by liquid-liquid extraction and gravimetrically determined as described before5. Ali-
quots of the fat (15 g) were spiked with 17 13C-labelled
PCDD/F and 12 13C-labelled PCB congeners. After re-
moval of fat on a high-capacity acid-silica gel column, PCDDs/Fs and dl-PCBs were separated on a Power- PrepTM semi-automated cleanup system (Fluid Manage-
ment Systems, Waltham, MA, USA) with pre-packed multi-layer silica, basic alumina and carbon columns6.
The measurements were performed by HRGC/HRMS using a MAT 95XP Finnigan mass spectrometer coupled to a HP 6890 gas chromatograph. A fused silica capillary DB-5MS column (60 m, 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 m film thick- ness) using helium as carrier gas was used. For each sub- stance two isotope masses were measured. A minimum dynamic mass resolution of 10000 was maintained.
Calibration and quantification for PCDDs/PCDFs, dl- PCBs were carried out by isotope dilution methods USEPA 1613 and 1668. Each analytical batch consisted of 12 samples and a method blank. For check of accuracy of the analytical process a QC sample (certified reference
material milk powder BCR-607, Community Bureau of Reference) was used. All measurements were carried out in accredited laboratory (ISO/IEC 17 025) which success- fully participated in interlaboratory study of PCDDs/ PCDFs and dl-PCBs in human milk (Interlaboratory Com- parison on Dioxins in Food 2006, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway).
Toxic equivalents (TEQ) were calculated using toxic equivalency factors established by World Health Organisa- tion (WHO-TEFs)7
.The concentrations of the not detected
congeners were calculated with half the limit of detection (LOD).
Daily intakes of PCDDs/Fs and dl-PCBs for infant during the first two moths of life have been estimated as- suming daily consumption of 120 ml of breast milk per 1 kg infant body weight and fat content of individual milk samples. Dietary intake in this study ranged be- tween 6.0245 pg TEQ PCDDs/PCDFs/kg b.w./day, and 6.8898 pg TEQ dl-PCBs/kg b.w./day. The values of esti- mated intakes can be partially distorted, because the calcu- lation do not includes factor of gastrointestinal absorption of monitored analytes. Duarte-Davidson and Jones8 present
value of 80 % for this factor,and Patandin et al.9 assumed
of 95 % absorption of received compounds by gastrointes- tinal tract from breast milk. Median DI calculated from PCDD/F content in breast milk samples was the highest for infants from region Krompachy (40.5 pg TEQ/kg b.w.) and the lowest for infants from region Šaľa (18.7 pg TEQ/ kg b.w.). Our results also showed that the median dl-PCB dietary intake for infants from area Michalovce is signifi- cantly higher in comparison with intakes estimated for infants from areas Krompachy, Košice and Šaľa. The markedly higher value of PCB dietary intake of infants from area Michalovce is due to the former PCB production in Chemko Strážske (district Michalovce) where in years 19591984 totally 21,482 tones of products based on PCBs were produced. It is assumed, that up to 20 % of used amount of PCBs released to the environment and contaminated air, soil, water and subsequently also food of animal origin.
Average PCDD/F dietary infant intake (34.6 pg TEQ/ kg b.w./day) in this study is significantly lower than those referred for breast-fed infants from Belgium11 and Ger-
many.12 Our results also indicate that DI of total TEQ
PCDDs/Fs and dl-PCBsestimated from individual breast milk samples are noticeably higher than tolerable daily intake established by WHO (14 pg/kg/day)10.
Total PCDDs/PCDFs and dl-PCBs in breast milk samples ranged from 5.0 to 203.7 pg TEQ/gfat, with a median value of 18.4 pg TEQ/g fat. We found out that exposure of mothers residing in areas Krompachy and Košice to PCDDs/PCDFs are comparable (8.9 and 7.8 pg TEQ/g fat, respectively) and higher than in areas Šaľa
(5.3 pg TEQ/g fat) and Michalovce (6.7 pg TEQ/g fat). Average TEQ PCDD/F value (8.6 pg TEQ/g fat) in analysed breast milk samples is lower in comparison with TEQ value for milk from Belgium11, Germany13 and Rus-
sia14 and is little higher than previous study reported by
Costopoulou et al.15 from Greece and by Schumacher et
al.16 from Spain. Finally, we observed that TEQ value of
dl-PCBs for mothers from area Michalovce (average 22.2 pg TEQ/g fat) was more than 2-times higher in comparison with other three monitored areas in this study (9.4 pg TEQ/ g fat). In Europe, Wittsiepe et al.13 and Raab et al.17 re-
ported 13.4 and 9.92 pg TEQ/g fat, respectively in Ger- many and Schumacher et al.16 9.0 pg TEQ/g fat in Spain
for mothers living in the vicinity of industrialized area and hazardous waste incinerators.
This work was supported by the Ministry of Health of the Slovak Republic (project No. MZSR/30-SZU-08, MZSR/35-SZU-13).The authors would like to thank Mrs. Jarmila Paulíková and Mrs. Jarmila Salajová for their skilled technical assistance.
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