A. Sparks and D. Riley
Estimates in this report are provided for only those vegetable crops with an estimated total value of yield exceeding one million dollars in Georgia, thus, these values represent a conservative estimate for the total industry. These major vegetable crops were planted on a estimated 155,800 acres, with a total value in excess of $350 million (based primarily on data from the Georgia Agricultural Statistics Service). The estimated insecticide costs and losses due to insects exceeded $33.7 million, or
approximately 9.6% of the total value of these crops. This is also a conservative estimate as it does not include costs associated with insecticide application or costs associated with non-insecticidal controls, such as use of reflective mulches.
Insect pest management in vegetables in Georgia is very dynamic because of the diversity of crops and multiple, overlapping growing seasons for many of these crops. Pest pressure and management requirements in a single crop with distinct spring and fall seasons can vary greatly between seasons as well as with location within the state. The estimates reported have been adjusted to reflect seasonal distribution of specific crops, differences in pest pressure between seasons, and estimated costs of the most common insecticides used for specific pests. Thus, for a pest that requires treatment on 100% of the fall acreage on a crop with only 10% of the acreage in the fall, a total of 0.1 applications is shown. Specific insecticide cost estimates varied from $5 to $7 per acre per application for organophosphate insecticides to $70 per acre for a high rate of Admire. Estimated yield losses include direct losses, losses associated with lack of marketability (aesthetic damage), and losses associated with diseases specifically vectored by insects (mostly viruses which would not occur without the insect vectors). Overall, these costs and loss estimates are not intended to reflect specific crop production in a given season, but reflect overall impact for the 2001 calendar year.
The following list of pests by crop illustrates in part the complexity of insect pest management in vegetables. In addition to the normal occurrence of vegetable pests in Georgia, 2001 was marked by occurrence of insecticide resistant diamondback moth (DBM) and severe losses in snap beans due to silverleaf whitefly (SLWF). DBM resistance to spinosad was detected in southwest Georgia, which represents the first case of this resistance in the continental United States. Severe yield losses were reported for SLWF in fall grown snap beans as a result of fields rejected for harvest. Beans were reportedly rejected because of streaking of the pods, but this effect has not been documented.
Estimated acreage, average yields and total value of the top commercial vegetable crops1
in Georgia, 2001.
Crop Acreage Planted Yield p er Acre (un its) To tal Va lue of Y ield
6 Cabbage 8,600 600 (50 # box) 21,141,000
7 Snap B eans 16,500 200 (30# bu .) 21,120,000
8 Squash 9,000 416 (30# 3/4-bu.) 20,990,000
9 Collard greens 8,000 520 (25 # box) 17,330,000
10 Carrots 4,100 604 (48 # master) 13,920,000
11 Bell Pepper 2,200 714 (28# 11/9-bu.) 11,760,000
12 Cantaloupe 5,900 160 (cwt) 10,176,000
13 Southern Peas 7,400 103 (25# bu .) 8,246,000
14 Mustard greens 2,300 600 (25 # box) 7,574,000
15 Turnip Greens 5,000 480 (25 # box) 6,366,000
16 Eggplant 500 1894 (33# 11/9-bu.) 5,058,000
17 Lima Beans 3,900 113 (30# bu .) 2,520,000
18 Ka le 700 560 (25 # box) 1,129,000
Total 155,800 $ 350,679,000
1
Table includes only those vegetables with an estimated value of yield exceeding $1,000,000.
Estimates of Insect Control Costs and Losses for Georgia Vegetables, 2001.
Crop1 Insect Insecticide C osts2 Yield Losses Total Losses
Lima beans (1.75 insecticide applications p er season) [8 % yield loss]
Soil insects (.5) $ 37,000 $ 126,000 $ 163,000
Pod feeders (Leps, stink bugs) (1.25) 28,300 75,600 103,900
Cro p tota ls $ 65,300 $ 201,600 $ 266,900
Snap Beans (2.75 insecticide applications p er season) [1 3% yield loss]
Whitefly (0.75) 154,700 2,112,000* 2,266,700
Pod feeders (1.25) 119,600 422,400 542,000
Thrips (0.5) 43,300 211,200 254,500
Crop1 Insect Insecticide C osts2 Yield Losses Total Losses
Cabbage (5.9 insecticide ap plications per sea son) [6.5% yield loss]
Leps. (DBM, loopers)(5.0) 412,800 1,057,000 1,469,800
Whitefly (.7) 75,200 211,400 286,600
Aphids (0.1) 5,000 52,800 57,800
Seedcorn maggot (0.1) 4,500 52,800 57,300
Cro p tota ls $497,500 $1,374,000 $1,871,500
Collard greens (5.6 insecticide ap plications per sea son) [6.75 % yield loss]
Leps. (DBM, loopers)(4.5) 345,600 866,500 1,212,100
Aphids (0.5) 23,200 173,300 196,500
Grasshoppers (0.1) 4,200 86,600 90,800
Whitefly (.45) 45,000 43,300 88,300
Yellow-margined leaf beetle (0.05) 2,100 ( <0 .0 5% ) 2,100
Cro p tota ls $420,100 $1,169,700 $1,589,800
M ustard greens (3.15 insecticide applications p er season) [3 .5% yield loss]
Leps. (DBM, loopers) (2.5) 55,200 151,500 206,700
Aphids (0.5) 6,700 75,700 82,400
Grasshoppers (0.1) 1,200 37,900 39,100
Yellow-margined leaf beetle (0.05) 600 ( <0 .0 5% ) 600
Cro p tota ls $63,700 $265,100 $328,800
Turnip greens (3.15 insecticide applications p er season) [4 .5% yield loss]
Crop1 Insect Insecticide C osts2 Yield Losses Total Losses
Kale (3.25 insec ticide applications p er season) [8 % yield loss]
Leps. (DBM, loopers, etc.) (2.0) 13,400 50,800 64,200
Aphids (0.5) 2,000 28,200 30,200
Whitefly (0.25) 2,200 5,600 7,800
Leaf & flea beetles (0.5) 1,800 5,600 7,400
Cro p tota ls $19,400 $90,200 $109,600
Ca rrots (1.2 insecticide ap plications per sea son) [3% yield loss]
Soil insects (1.0) 77,900 417,600 495,500
Leps. & aphids (0.2) 4,700 0 4,700
Cro p tota ls $82,600 $417,600 $500,200
Sweet corn (16 insecticide a pplications pe r season) [8% yield loss]
CEW /FAW/ECB (16) (include ECB Program)
3,468,000 3,796,000 7,264,000
Cro p tota ls $3,468,000 $3,796,000 $7,264,000
Cucumbers (3.9 insecticide ap plications per sea son) [3% yield loss]
Pickleworm, melonworm (3) 337,500 649,700 987,200
Whitefly (0.4) 333,700 162,400 496,100
Cucumber beetles (0.5) 39,400 162,400 201,800
Cro p tota ls $710,600 $974,500 $1,685,100
Cantaloupe (4 insecticide ap plication per sea son) [3.25 % loss]
Pickleworm (3.0) 132,700 305,300 438,000
Cucumber beetles (1.0) 31,000 25,400 56,400
Crop1 Insect Insecticide C osts2 Yield Losses Total Losses
Watermelons (1 insecticide application per season) [1.75% yield loss]
Cucumber beetles (0.25) 31,500 291,500 323,000
‘Rindworms’ (0.5) 90,000 145,800 235,800
Aphids (0.25) 34,800 72,900 107,700
Cro p tota ls $156,300 $510,200 $666,500
Squa sh (5.75 insecticide applications p er season) [1 8.5% yield loss]
Aphids/mosaic viruses (2.5) 298,100 2,518,800 * 2,816,900
Whitefly (1.5) 427,500 1,049,500 1,477,000
Pickleworm, melonworm (1.5) 101,200 209,900 311,100
Cucumber beetles (0.25) 11,800 104,900 116,700
* Losses assoc iated with transmission of mo saic viruses in late spring and fall crop s.
Cro p tota ls $838,600 $3,883,100 $4,721,700
Eggplant (8.5 insecticide ap plications per sea son) [6.75 % yield loss]
Plant bugs (3.0) 8,700 202,300 211,000
Mites (3.0) 30,000 50,600 80,600
Leps. (BAW, CEW ) (1.0) 3,500 37,900 41,400
Thrips (0.5) 1,300 37,900 39,200
Aphids (1.0) 2,900 12,600 15,500
Cro p tota ls $46,400 $341,300 $387,700
Onions (3.75 insecticide applications p er season) [6 % yield loss]
Crop1 Insect Insecticide C osts2 Yield Losses Total Losses
Bell Pepper (10.75 insecticide app lications per season ) [15% yield loss]
Thrips/TSWV (3.0) 38,300 1,176,000 * 1,214,300
Pepper weevil (2.5) 35,800 352,800 388,600
Leps. (Includes ECB Program) (5.0) 84,700 176,400 261,100
Whitefly (0.05) 1,400 29,400 30,800
Broad mite (0.2) 11,400 29,400 40,800
* Losses associated with vectoring of Tomato Spo tted Wilt Virus
Cro p tota ls $171,600 $1,764,000 $1,935,600
Toma to (10.9 insecticide applications p er season) [1 0% yield loss]
Thrips/TSWV (5.0) 78,300 1,898,000 * 1,976,300
Leps. (CEW, others) (3.0) 60,700 177,900 238,600
Whitefly (1.4) 47,300 118,600 165,900
Stink bugs (1.0) 15,600 118,600 134,200
Leafminer, others (0.5) 43,200 59,000 102,200
* Losses associated with vectoring of Tomato Spo tted Wilt Virus
Cro p tota ls $245,100 $2,372,100 $2,617,200
Southern Pea (5 insecticide ap plications per sea son) [11 .5% yield loss]
Cowpea curculio (3.5) 168,400 824,600 993,000
Thrips (0.5) 19,400 61,800 81,200
Leps. (BAW, etc.) (0.5) 24,100 41,200 65,300
Stink bugs, aphids (0.5) 21,500 20,600 42,100
Cro p tota ls $233,400 $948,200 $1,181,600 To tals $ 8,026,700 $ 25,702,000 $ 33,728,700
1
Numbers in () after each crop or pest indicate the estimated average number of insecticide applications on that crop or for the specific pest. These estimates are adjusted for differences in pest pressure in fall and spring crops and estimated acreage of each crop in the fall and spring. Thus, estimates are not intended to reflect specific crop production in a g iven sea son, b ut reflect o verall im pac t for 20 01. S imilarly, num bers in [] reflect o verall
estimated yield losses adjusted for spring and fall pest pressure and acreage. 2
insecticides can be applied in a single application. Thus, these values represent a conservative estimate of insect contro l costs.
Summary of Losses Resulting from Insect Damage and Control Costs in Georgia in 2001 by Commodity or Other Category.
Com modity Control Damage Total Losses
Apples $ 123,816 $ 21,727 $ 145,543 Blueberries 494,500 295,250 789,750 Cotton 61,877,500 16,568,309 78,445,809 Field Corn 812,000 2,963,000 3,775,000 Forest 3,714,000 26,572,000 30,286,000 Grain Sorghum 64,000 145,000 209,000 Grapes 35,600 132,120 167,720
Household and Structural 230,057,900 10,496,270 240,554,170
Lawn and T urf 22,280,000 27,010,000 49,290,000
Livestock and Poultry 7,774,600 14,860,300 22,634,900
Orn ame ntals 97,574,100 94,870,300 192,444,400
Pasture and Forages 2,503,000 13,220,000 15,723,000
Peaches 1,856,216 1,418,225 3,274,441
Pea nuts 6,778,750 6,012,322 12,791,072
Pecans 11,755,000 11,084,000 22,839,000
Public Health and Recreational Areas 150,025,288 0 150,025,288 Small Grains 600,000 1,436,000 2,036,000 Soybeans 1,507,000 262,000 1,769,000 Strawberry 13,620 40,234 53,854 Tobacco 3,716,000 2,468,000 6,184,000 Vegetables 8,026,700 25,702,000 33,728,700 Total $611,589,590 $255,577,057 $867,166,647
List of the 20 M ost Damaging Insect Species or Complexes in Georgia in 2001.
Rank Insect Control Damage Total Losses
1 Subterranean & Drywood Termites1 $111,113,900 $ 10,496,270 $121,610,170
2 Ho useho ld Pests1 118,944,000 0 118,944,000 3 Scale Insec ts2 32,572,700 39,198,850 71,771,550 4 Mites3 27,479,080 29,668,117 57,147,197 5 Flies4 50,756,805 2,758,000 53,514,805 6 Mosquitoes5 49,584,427 0 49,584,427 7 M ole C rickets6 11,139,000 20,066,000 31,205,000
8 Tob acco Bud worm7 21,150,000 4,464,369 25,614,369
9 Thrips8 15,838,100 7,263,900 23,102,000
10 Aphids9 9,830,484 8,832,245 18,662,729
11 Corn Earwo rm10 11,803,000 5,032,280 16,835,280
12 Sou thern P ine B eetle11 1,850,000 14,292,000 16,142,000
13 Caterpillars12 4,550,540 7,070,117 11,620,657
14 Darkling Beetles13 2,321,000 7,277,000 9,598,000
15 Pec an W eevil14 4,050,000 4,296,000 8,346,000
16 Soil In sects15 2,776,900 3,891,262 6,668,162
17 Pine Tip M oth11 650,000 2,650,000 3,300,000
18 White Grubs16 1,420,000 1,637,000 3,057,000
19 Fall Armyworm17 810,000 806,000 1,616,000
20 Blueberry Midge18 468,000 39,000 507,000
Total (Top 20) $479,107,936 $169,738,410 $648,846,346
1
Household and Structural 2
Ornamentals, Peaches
3Ornamentals, Pecans, Strawberries 4
Public Health, Livestock & Poultry 5
Pub lic He alth 6
Lawn & Turf, Pastures & Forages, Tobacco 7
Cotton 8
Cotton, Tobacco, Vegetables 9
Apple, Cotton, Ornamentals, Small Grain,
10
Cotton, Soybean 11
Forest
12Lawn & Turf, Soybeans, Strawberries 13
Livestock & Poultry 14
Pecan 15
Field Corn, Grain Sorghum, Peanuts, Tobacco, Vegetables
16
Pastures & Forages 17
Scientific Names or Other Taxonomic Classifications of the Insect Species or Insect Complexed for Which Eco nom ic Lo ss Estim ates H ave Be en M ade In G eor gia
Insect or Insect Complex Scientific Name or Other Taxonomic Classification
Alfalfa weevil Hypera postica (Gyllen hal)
Almo nd m oth Ep hestia cau tella (Wa lker)
Ambrosia beetles various species of Scolytidae Ang oum ois gra in mo th Sitotro ga c erea lella (Olivier)
Ano biid b eetle Anobiidae
Aphids various species of Aphididae
Ap ple ap hid Aphis pomi DeGeer
Arctiid larvae various species of Arctiidae Armyworm Pseuda letia un ipun cta (Haworth)
Azalea caterpillar Datana major (Grote & Ro binson)
Bagworm Thy ridop teryx e phe me raefo rmis (Haworth)
Bahiagrass borer De rob rach us br evico llis (Audinet-Serville)
Ba ndedwing ed whitefly Trialeurodes abutilonea (Haldeman)
Bees various species of Hymenoptera
Beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Hubner)
Billbug various species of Curculionidae
Bird cherry-oat ap hid Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus)
Biting midge prim arily Culiocoides species Bla ckm argine d ap hid Mo nellia c arye lla (Fitch)
Bla ck pe can a phid Melanocallis caryaefoliae (Davis)
Bla ck turp entine b eetle Dendroctonus terebrans (Olivier)
Blister beetles species of Meloidae
Blueberry gall midge Dasineura oxycoccana
Blueberry maggot Rhagoletis mendax Curran
Bo ll weevil An thon om us gr and is gran dis Boheman
Bollworm Helicoverpa [=Heliothis] zea (Boddie)
Bollworms Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea
Bo rers (on orna mentals) various species of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera
Bo ts various species of Oestridae
Brown stink bug Euschistus servus (Say)
Cab bage aph id Brev icoryne brassica e (Linnaeus) Cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni (Hubner)
Insect or Insect Complex Scientific Name or Other Taxonomic Classification
Carpet beetles various species of Dermestidae
Carpenter ants Cam pon otus spp.
Carpenter bees Xylocopa virginica (Linnaeus)
Carpenterworm Prionoxystus robiniae (Peck)
Cattle grub Hypoderma lineatum (Villers)
Chinch bug Blissus leucopterus leucopterus (Say)
Ciga rette be etle Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricuis)
Cloth es mo th prim arily Tine a pe llionella L. and Tineola bisseliella (Hu mmel) Cockroaches various species of Blattelidae
Co dling m oth Cyd ia po mo nella (Linnaeus)
Co lorad o po tato beetle Lep tinota rsa d ecem linea ta (Say)
Coneworms Dio ryctria spp.
Corn earworm Helicoverpa [=Heliothis] zea (Boddie)
Co rn leaf ap hid Rh opa losiph um ma idis (Fitch)
Corn rootworm Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi (Barber)
Co tton ap hid Ap his go ssypii Glover
Co wpe a curc ulio Chalcodermus aeneus Boheman
Cranberry fruitworm Acroba sis vac cinii Riley
Cutworms prim arily Feltia subterranea (Fabricius) Darkling beetle complex various species of Tenebrionidae Diamon dba ck mo th Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus)
Disease vectors (on corn) various species of Aphididae and Cicadellidae Dogwood borer Syn anth edo n scitu la (Harris)
Earwigs various species of Dermaptera
Eastern tent caterpillar Malacosoma americanum (Fabricius)
Eng lish grain a phid Sitobion avenae (Fabricius)
European corn borer Ostrin ia nu bilalis (Hubner)
Europe an red mite Panonychus ulmi (Koch)
Insect or Insect Complex Scientific Name or Other Taxonomic Classification
Fleas various species of Siphonaptera
For bes sc ale Qu adra spidiotus forb esi (Johnson)
Forest tent caterpillar Ma laco som a disstria Hubner
Fuller ro se be etle Asynonychus godmani Crotch
Fungus beetles various species of Tenebrionidae
Fung us gnats various species of Mycetophilidae and Sciaridae German cockroach Blattella germanica (Linnaeus)
Granulate cutworm Agrotis subterranea (Fabricius)
Grape root borer Vitac ea p olistiform is (Harris)
Grasshoppers various species of Orthoptera Green cloverworm Plathy pena scabra (Fabricius)
Green fruitworm Litho pha ne a nten nata (Wa lker)
Gre en June be etle Cotinis nitida (Linnaeus)
Gre en pe ach a phid Myzus persicae (Sulzer)
Greenbug Schizaphis graminum (Ro ndani)
Grub (cattle) Hypoderma lineatum (Villers)
Gyp sy moth Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus)
He ssian fly Mayetiola destructor (Say)
Hickory nut curc ulio Conotrachelus hickoriae (Schoof)
Hickory shoot curculios Conotrachelusspp.
Hickory shuckworm Cydia caryana (Fitch)
Honey bees Apis m ellifera (Linnaeus)
Ho ney be e (trach eal) m ite Acarapis woodi (Rennie)
Ho rn fly Haematobia irritans (Linnaeus)
Horse flies various species of Tabanidae
Ho use fly Musca dom estica Linnaeus
Imported cabb ageworm Pieris rapae (Linnaeus)
India n mea lmoth Plodia in terpu nctella (Hubner)
Ips beetles Ips avu lsus, I. grandico lis, I. calligrap his and I. pini
Iris borer Ma cron octu a on usta Gro te
Jap anese beetle Popillia japonica Newman
Lace bugs various species of Tingidae
Leafminers various species of Coleoptera, Diptera and Lepidoptera Leaf rollers various species of Lepidoptera
Insect or Insect Complex Scientific Name or Other Taxonomic Classification
Lesser cornstalk borer Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller)
Lesser peachtree borer Synanthedon pictipes (Grote & Ro binson)
Lice (on livestock) various species of Anoplura and Mellophaga
Lyctid beetles Lyctidae
Magnolia borer Euzophera magnolialis Capps May beetles various species of Scarabaeidae Mealworms Ten ebrio spp. and Alphitobius spp.
Mea lybugs various species of Pseudococcidae M exican bea n bee tle Ep ilach na v arive stis Mulsant
Millipedes various species of Diplopoda
Mites (on livestock) various species of Acari M ites (on plants) various species of Acari M ole cr ickets prim arily Scapteriscus spp.
Mosquitoes various species of Culicidae
Moth flies Psychodidae
Na ntucke t pine tip moth Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock)
No rthern fo wl mite Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini & Fanzago)
Oak skeletonizer Bu ccu latri ain sliella Murtfeldt
Old house borer Hylotrupes bajulus (Linnaeus)
Onion maggot Delia antiqua (Meigen)
Orie ntal fruit mo th Gra pho lita mo lesta (Busck)
Pale s weev il Hylobius pales (He rbst)
Pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)
Peachtree borer Syna nthed on exitiosa (Say)
Pec an bu d mo th Gretchena bolliana (Slingerland)
Pecan leaf casebearer Acroba sis jugla ndis (LeBaron)
Pecan leaf phylloxera Ph ylloxe ra no tabilis Pergande
Pecan spittlebug Clastoptera achatina Germar
Insect or Insect Complex Scientific Name or Other Taxonomic Classification
Prionus borers Prionusspp.
Psocids various species of Psocoptera
Red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (He rbst)
Red impo rted fire ant Sole nop sis invicta Buren
Redbanded leafroller Argyrotaenia velutinana (Wa lker)
Rice weev il Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus)
Ro sy app le aph id Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini)
San J ose sc ale Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock)
Sawflies vario us spe cies of S ymph yta
Saw toothed gr ain be etle Ory zaep hilus su rinam ensis (Linnaeus)
Scale insects various species of Homoptera
Seed bugs Nysiusspp.
Seedcorn maggot Delia p latura (Meigen)
Seedworms Cyd iaspp.
Shield bugs various species of Scutelleridae Shothole borers species of Scolytidae
Silverfish Lepisma saccharina Linnaeus
Slugs various species of Stylommatophora
Smokybrown cockroach Periplan eta fuliginosa (Serville)
Snails various species of Stylommatophora
Sod webworms Crambusspp.
Sorghum midge Co ntarin ia sorg hico la (Co quillett)
Sorghum webwo rm No la sorg hiella (Riley)
Southern corn rootworm Diabrotica undecimpunctata horwardi Barber
Southern green stink bug Neza ra virid ula (L.)
Sou thern p ine be etle De ndrocto nus fronta lis Zimmerman
Sowbugs various species of Isopoda
Soybean looper Pseudoplusia includens (Wa lker)
Spiders Araneida
Spider mites Tetranychusspp.
Spittlebugs (on orname ntals) various species of Cercopidae
Spotted tentiform leafminer Ph yllon oryc ter blanca rdella (Fabricius)
Spr ingtails vario us spe cies of C ollem bola Squash vine borer Melittia cucurbitae (Harris)
Insect or Insect Complex Scientific Name or Other Taxonomic Classification
Sugarcane borer Dia traea sacc haralis (F.)
Swe etpo tato wh itefly Bemisia tabaci (Grenn adius)
Tarnished plant bug Lyg us line olaris (Palisot de B eauvois)
Termite (eastern subterranean) Recticulitermes flavipes (Kollar)
Threecornered alfalfa hopper Spissistilus festinus (Say)
Thrips various species of Thripidae
Ticks various species of Argasidae and Ixodidae Tip mo ths prim arily Dio ryctria spp. and Rh yac ionia spp. To bac co ap hid Myzus nicotianae Blackman
Tob acco budwo rm Heliothis virescnes (F.)
Tob acco hornworm Ma ndu ca se xta (L.)
Tob acco splitworm Ph thorim aea ope rcule lla (Zeller)
Tom ato fruitworm Helicoverpa [=Heliothis] zea (Boddie)
Tu fted ap ple b udm oth Platyno ta ida eusa lis (Wa lker)
Turkey chigger Neoschoengastia americana (Hirst)
Tu rnip ap hid Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach)
Twolined spittlebug Pro sapia bicincta (Say)
Tw osp otted spide r mite Tetranychus urticae Koch
Va rroa mite Varroa jacobsoni Oudem ans
Vec tors (of corn d iseases) various species of Aphididae and Cicadellidae Velvetbean caterpillar An ticarsia gem ma tialis Hubner
W alnut caterpillar Datana integerrima Grote & Robinson
Wasps various species of Hymenoptera
W ebbing coneworm Dio ryctria disclu sia Heinrich
Western flower thrips Fra nklin iella oc ciden talis (Pergande)
White grubs various species of Scarabaeidae
W hite peach sc ale Pseudaulacapis pentagona (Ta rgioni-To zzetti)
W hiteflies various species of Aleyrodidae W hitefringed be etle Graphognathusspp.
References
Suber, E. F. and J. W. T odd (eds.). 1980. Summ ary of economic losses due to insect damage and costs of control in Georgia, 1971-1976. Univ. of Ga. Col. of Agr. Exp. Stn. Special Pub. No . 7, 69 p.
Tod d, J. W. and E. F. Suber (eds.). 1980. Sum mary of economic losses due to insect damage and costs of control in Georgia, 1977. Univ. of Ga. Col. of Agr. Exp. Stn. Special Pub. No. 8, 49p
Sub er, E. F ., D. C . Shep pard , and J . W . To dd (eds.). 1 981 a. Sum mary o f econ omic losses d ue to insect damage and costs of control in Georgia, 1978 . Univ. of Ga. Col. of Agr. Exp. Stn. Spe cial Pub. N o. 13 , 53p .
Sub er, E. F ., D. C . Shep pard , and J . W . To dd (eds.). 1 981 b. Summary of ec ono mic lo sses du e to insect damage and costs of control in Georgia, 1979 . Univ. of Ga. Col. of Agr. Exp. Stn. Spe cial Pub. N o. 14 , 49p .
Suber, E. F., D. C. Sheppard, and W . A. Gardner (eds.). 1982. Summary of econom ic losses due to insect damage and costs of control in Georgia, 1980. Univ. of Ga. Col. of Agr. Exp. Stn. Sp ecial P ub. N o. 20 , 51p .
Suber, E. F., D. C. Sheppard, and W. A. Gardner (eds.). 1983. Summary of losses due to insect damage and costs of control in Georgia, 1981. Univ. of Ga. Col. of Agr. Exp. Stn. Special Pub . No . 26, 5 3p.
Suber, E. F., D. C. Sheppard, and W. A. Gardner (eds.). 1984. Summary of losses from insect damage and costs of control in Georgia, 1982. Univ. of Ga. Col. of Agr. Exp. Stn. Special Pub . No . 27, 4 1p.
Suber, E. F., D. C. Sheppard, and W. A. Gardner (eds.). 1985. Summary of losses from insect damage and costs of control in Georgia, 1983. Univ. of Ga. Col. of Agr. Exp. Stn. Special Pub . No . 30, 4 2p.
Douce, G. K. and E. F. Suber. 1985. Summary of losses from insect damage and costs of control in Ge orgia , 198 4. U niv. of G a. Co l. of Agr. Exp . Stn. Sp ecial P ub. N o. 36 , 44p . Douce, G. K. and E. F. Suber (eds.). 1986. Summary of losses from insect damage and costs of
control in G eorg ia, 19 85. U niv. of G a. Co l. of Agr. Exp . Stn. Sp ecial P ub. N o. 40 , 55p . Douce, G. K. and E. F. Suber (eds.). 1988. Summary of losses from insect damage and costs of
control in G eorg ia, 19 86. U niv. of G a. Co l. of Agr. Exp . Stn. Sp ecial P ub. N o. 46 , 41p . Douce, G. K. and R. M. McPherson. 1988. Summary of losses from insect damage and costs of
control in G eorg ia, 19 87. U niv. of G a. Co l. of Agr. Exp . Stn. Sp ecial P ub. N o. 54 , 41p . Douce, G. K. and R. M. McPherson. 1989. Summary of losses from insect damage and costs of
control in G eorg ia, 19 88. U niv. of G a. Co l. of Agr. Exp . Stn. Sp ecial P ub. N o. 64 , 52p . Douce, G. K. and R. M. McPherson. 1991. Summary of losses from insect damage and costs of
McP herson, R. M. and G. K . Douce (eds.). 1992. Summ ary of losses from insect damage and costs of control in Georgia, 1991. Univ. of Ga. Col. of Agr. Exp. Stn. Special Pub. No. 81, 6 5p.
McP herson, R. M. and G. K . Douce (eds.). 1993. Summ ary of losses from insect damage and costs of control in Georgia, 1992. Univ. of Ga. Col. of Agr. Exp. Stn. Special Pub. No.