3. CAPÍTULO II MECANISMOS JURÍDICOS DE PROTECCIÓN
3.4 Acciones indemnizatorias
3.4.1 Acciones de grupo
In this study the PAH distribution profile in soils around three power plants indicated significant contamination with PAHs. The average total concentrations of PAHs in areas
around the three power plants ranged from 9.73 to 61.24 µg g-1, which were above the
ATSDR levels of 1.0 µg g-1 for significantly contaminated sites. Higher molecular weight
PAHs (five to six rings) were the predominant contributors to the contamination level. The value of the total B[a]Peq was 3.61 to 25.25 in the three sites, implying a high carcinogenic burden. The data obtained from different diagnostic ratios, as well as the predominance of high molecular weight PAHs, strongly indicate that the PAHs in the soil around the study sites is of pyrolytic origin. It can therefore be concluded that the soil
was contaminated with PAHs originating from the coal-fired power stations.
HMW compounds contributed significantly to the total PAH concentration in all the samples from Matla power plant. These HMW PAHs are generally derived from pyrolytic origin (coal burning) (Sanders et al., 2002; Dahle et al., 2003; Qiao et al., 2006). The metals distribution profile in soil showed that the concentration of Pb, Ni, Cr and Cu was higher than the maximum allowable limits accepted in most countries. The average total concentration of metal in Digitaria eriantha for Fe, Ni, Cr, Mn and Cu were also higher than the permissible limit set by the FAO/WHO for edible plants. This is an indication of soil and plant pollution in the vicinity of the three coal-fired power stations. The AF indicates a ratio of < 1 for metal transfer from soil to plant, indicating that
157
The normalisation technique, however, enabled the researcher to assess the magnitude of enrichment relative to naturally occurring concentrations rather than relying only on a limited number of measurements from presumed reference areas. Some of the elevated concentrations of the metals are due to anthropogenic sources. The enrichment factor values obtained indicate that the soils are moderately enriched, except for Pb that is significantly enriched. The I-geo calculated showed that the pollution status is moderately polluted, except for Pb that showed highly significant enrichment.
The combination of the ultrasonic and DLLME methods of extraction was successfully applied to the extraction and preconcentration of PAHs from soil samples prior to analysis by GC–MS. The combination leads to a high preconcentration factor for determining organic compounds in solid samples. Compared with other conventional sample preparation methods, ultrasonic-DLLME had the advantage of simplicity of operation, rapidity, low cost, low sample volume, high recovery, very short extraction time and lower consumption of organic solvents. In comparison with Soxhlet extraction, even though the concentration may be higher with Soxhlet, the experiments indicate that either of the two methods (Soxhlet and ultrasonic DLLME) may be used for the extraction of PAHs from contaminated soil for chemical analysis, but the latter has a small advantage over the first. The extraction can be performed directly in a 10-mL glass tube with a small volume of solvent.
158 5.2: Recommendations for Further Studies
Urban growth and increased industrial activity are generally dependent upon increased use of fossil fuels and their derivatives. In the absence of commensurate emission controls, increased growth and use of these materials will inevitably lead to higher ambient levels of volatile organic compounds (PAHs) (Mastral et al., 2003).
Some studies reported that there is a significant positive correlation between mortality from lung cancer in humans and exposure to PAHs from exhaust from coke ovens, roofing-tar and cigarette smoke. In view of the increase in the level of cancer in society, PAH emission should be monitored systematically and controlled in the environment in order to reduce its deleterious effect. If coal-fired power plants go uncontrolled because of the demand for electricity, the PAH emission from this source will continue to increase and potentially exacerbate existing health risks. Because of the paucity of information in South Africa on the level of PAHs in the environment, more research work needs to be carried out to monitor PAHs in the ambient air, in soils and in sediments. The emission of these PAHs should be controlled and this would soon improve the quality of the air.
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