Actitud del Hombre Agresor Ante la Violencia

and starting a family of their own, research participants described a common practice of living with others of a similar age and circumstance, or with immediate or extended family members. For those participants who were in their first white collar job, were tertiary students or were on a working holiday visa, the close proximity of the inner metropolitan suburbs to many high quality amenities made it an ideal place to live. South Brisbane is very close to three major tertiary education institutions (two universities and one technical and further education [TAFE] institution), extensive opportunities for employment in the capital city centre, cultural centres and public transport. Most participants from this area lived in group-houses or with a partner or friend. By contrast, those living in the rural area of Gin Gin mostly lived with immediate or extended family or their partner or partner’s family. Most participants from outer-metropolitan Beenleigh resided with immediate or extended family, with a partner or friend, and rarely lived alone or in a share-house situation.

4.1.2.1Income and education. Almost all (54) of the 61 participants had completed senior secondary school (Year 12) and four of the remaining seven had completed a trade certificate or similar. Overall, most participants were in some type of paid employment, with one third studying for a tertiary qualification at either a

university or TAFE (twice as many were studying full-time as those studying part-time). That a significant minority (approximately 20% [12/61]) are not in paid employment highlights the importance of more research into the implications for the health of this age group.

Although the three locales shared similar percentages of young adults

undertaking tertiary studies, more inner-metropolitan participants were studying at a university than in the other areas, where more were studying at TAFE. Many earned

Time and Transitions

113 less than $400 per week and effectively lived below the poverty line (Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, 2009).2 Figure 4.1 shows that a larger proportion of inner-metropolitan respondents earn higher incomes than their outer-metropolitan counterparts and particularly more than those from the rural area. These higher earning participants were working full-time in good jobs for their age as well as studying part-time at a nearby university to advance their career prospects.

Figure 4.1. Proportion of participants by income bracket and region.Income ranges as per ABS guide: total of all wages/salaries, government benefits, pensions, allowances and other income usually received.

Figure 4.2 represents the different employment status of participants, where the rural area has the highest percentage of unemployed participants. Participants in the inner-metropolitan area reported the highest percentage of part-time or casual employment and the lowest percentage of full-time employment. The employment opportunities reflect the sectors for industry in each area—city centre life, universities

2

The poverty line was $395 inclusive of housing as established for the September quarter of

2008 when these data were collected (Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social

Research, 2009, p. 3. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Rural Outer metropolitan Inner metropolitan 1. Low ($0 - $399) 2. Med ($400 - $999) 3. High ($1,000 - $1,599)

Time and Transitions

114 and cultural centres for South Brisbane; manufacturing industry for Beenleigh; and agricultural industry for Gin Gin.

The differences between education and income levels across the study sites invited commentary on the capacity of each area to provide equitable access to health- promoting LTPA opportunities, particularly for young adults on low incomes.

Figure 4.2. Proportion of participants by employment status and region. Living healthily while studying full-time and on a low budget can be a

challenge, particularly in a capital city, where rental prices tend to be high and absorb a large percentage of income (see Appendix A: Table A.3 for median rent and housing loan rates for each area). The costs of housing, transport, food and general utilities are added to the costs associated with study—tuition fees, books, equipment and other resources. One advantage of being in a region that includes a capital city is the availability of part-time and casual employment.

To help better understand the circumstances in which participants were living, Figures 4.3 and 4.4 show the employment status of those studying, or not, respectively. Figure 4.4 highlights the high rate of part-time or casual employment for participants not studying in the Beenleigh area. Figure 4.3 show that all of the inner-metropolitan

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Rural Outer metropolitan Inner metropolitan Part-time or casual employment No employment Full-time employment

Time and Transitions

115 participants who were studying full-time also found time to earn an income, albeit meagre.

4.1.2.2 Employment.The combination of study, employment and income information highlights the area differences across the three sites. Just over half of the outer-metropolitan participants who were not studying were in full-time employment. This was more than in the other two areas, where less than 30% of those not studying were in full-time employment (see Figure 4.4). Figure 4.3 shows the levels of

employment for those who were studying full-time and highlights both the larger number of young adults studying in the inner-metropolitan area and that they had paid jobs (in contrast to those studying from the other areas and who were not employed). The study and employment loads combined suggest that young adults who are both studying and working many hours may lack the time to include regular physical activity in their schedule.

Figure 4.3. Employment status of participants who were studying full-time, by region.

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Rural Outer metropolitan Inner metropolitan

Full-time employment Part-time or casual employment

Time and Transitions

116

Figure 4.4. Employment status of participants who were not studying, by region.