Por las actividades relacionadas con los Servicios que presta la Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores

The overlap of LBDC study sites, AWM cases from L1 consultations and Limpopo basin-wide district poverty levels, which were derived by harmonizing poverty data classes from each basin country are shown in Figure 13a for 2003 poverty data and Figure 13b for most recent available country poverty data. At the district level, less than 50% of the population in Botswana is affected by poverty, while in the other three basin countries, most of the districts have poverty incidences ranging from 50% to 85% (Figure 13b). The AWM intervention cases from the L1 consultations are not widely distributed in the basin, though certain cases have occurred in areas of high poverty incidence (Figures 13a and 13b). The LBDC study sites include the Notwane Catchment in Botswana, which falls within a peri-urban area of Gaborone (Figure 13a and 13b), while Nebo Plateau area in the Sekhukhune District and Lambane area in Tulamela Local Municipality in South Africa are located within areas of the highest poverty incidence (Figure 13b). The Mabalane Site with 72% (2003) and 70% (2008/2009) poverty levels, is also a high poverty area, though not the poorest in the Mozambique portion of the Limpopo Basin (Figure 13b). The Chigubo District in Mozambique had a poverty level of 95% (2003) and greater than 80% (2008/2009), which is the highest in the country from both 2003 and 2008/2009 poverty data. In Zimbabwe, Uzingwane/ Mzingwane and Umguza had the highest poverty levels, while Mwenezi had the second highest poverty level in 2003 (Figure 13a). However, Umguza, Bubi, Mberengwa and Mwenezi districts had the highest poverty levels, with a range of 71–89% in 2011 (Figure 13b). These districts can be explored for possible future PGIS workshop and research sites to understand the contextual complexity of how improved AWM interventions contribute to improved food production and livelihoods. In Mozambique, the following districts can be explored as well: Chigubo, Mabote, Massangena and Massingir, which had a greater than 80% poverty incidence in 2008/2009 (Figure 13b), while in South Africa, Blouberg, Greater Letaba, Elias Motsoaledi and Ramotshere Moiloa Local District Municipalities can be explored (Figure 13b). It should be noted that some of the 2010 district names shown in Figure 13b in South Africa have changed from those of 2003 (Figure 13a) as some of the district boundaries were re-demarcated after 2003, resulting either in merger of districts or creation of new districts.

In general, LBDC research sites are located in target (poor) areas in the four countries, but are not necessarily those with the highest poverty levels (Figures 13a and 13b). Although poverty rankings at the district level do not generally reflect income levels at individual household levels, the former still play an important role of providing a rational basis for targeted development interventions. Hence, they should be considered part of the suite of significant factors that facilitate the CPWF-LBDC site selection process.

Figure 13a: Overlap of LBDC study sites, PGIS sites, AWM cases from L1 consultations and poverty levels of 2003 in the Limpopo Basin

Figure 13b: Overlap of LBDC study sites, PGIS sites, AWM cases from L1 consultations, mean annual rainfall and most recent poverty levels in the Limpopo Basin. Data sources for poverty, Botswana (2009/2010), Mozambique (2008/2009), South Africa (2010) and Zimbabwe (2011)

Establishing uniformity in district poverty comparisons of countries across the Limpopo Basin was not possible as the four countries used different definitions of poverty, collected poverty data at different times, and used different survey designs and design methods for census and household surveys. The development of a common poverty line applicable to the four countries having the same time frame is the means with which a comparative analysis of poverty can be made. The poverty rates are influenced by the choice of poverty line, while food insecurity levels are influenced by the respondents’ ability to recall frequency of food shortages. Using district-level information can conceal the existence of poverty pockets within otherwise relatively well-off districts, which would lead to poorly targeted schemes being implemented to mitigate the incidence of poverty and food insecurity. In addition, the poverty index too has its limitations, in that, it is strongly influenced by community and household-level factors that are generally subjective and reflected in the responses of the research participants (Booysen et al., 2005). Another limitation of aggregated indicators such as ‘wealth and poverty’ is the inability to differentiate the causes from the consequences of a given situation. For instance, are families poor because they practice rain-fed agriculture or do they mostly practice rain-fed agriculture because they are poor? The strengths and limitations of any poverty measure depend on the context and purpose for which it is used. Local level information on poverty and food insecurity helps in refining district level information, and in streamlining intervention strategies that are both cost-effective and efficient in alleviating poverty and food insecurity.

7: Conclusion

The dominant livelihood zones within the CPWF-LBDC Phase II research sites include livestock (cattle and small livestock) and crop mixed farming with different access levels to markets. Other income generating activities include small-scale gold panning, charcoal selling, crafts, beer brewing, and employment locally and in South Africa and Botswana.

Addressing both food insecurity and poverty is important for achieving rural development. Although food insecurity features in the poverty profiles in the basin, it is transitional in comparison to poverty profiles that are longer-term in nature, because they reflect asset accumulation. The food insecurity and poverty maps, therefore, convey both seasonal and longer-term conditions that should be addressed by appropriate intervention measures, including targeted policies and programs aimed at the reduction of food insecurity and poverty. The increasing dependence on the labor market by the food insecure population (von Braun, 1995), favors the creation of employment opportunities as one of the poverty- reduction strategies, coupled with addressing the challenges of producing, transporting, and marketing an adequate food supply for the growing populations. Targeted food aid under social safety nets and input and output subsidies programs for crop and livestock productions should continue throughout the basin for poor socioeconomic groups.

As signatories to the Millennium Development Goals, the four countries over which the basin extends have committed themselves to halving the proportion of people who suffer from hunger by 2015 (van den Boom, 2011). In order to monitor targeted and decentralized poverty reduction efforts by governments, private sector and donor community requires an in-depth analysis of poverty and food insecurity patterns as well as an understanding of the multi-dimensional complexity of poverty profiles, and the need to update poverty thresholds annually by using the Consumer Price Index (CPI) to allow for changes in relation to cost of living (inflation factor). The LBDC research sites and associated water management interventions are well targeted in Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, and Zimbabwe, e.g., in places where poverty and food security are priority concerns, and natural resource constraints are limiting development efforts. By cross checking past and current CPWF Limpopo Basin efforts, it is clear that certain similarities can be drawn between the four countries:

1. Poverty incidence appears higher in drier areas of the basin.

2. Female and child-headed households are the most affected by poverty in the four countries, irrespective of differences in national censuses. Other vulnerable groups in rural areas are families with small plots of land, without irrigation in dry areas, or without access to draught power, the elderly, children, youth, disabled, and families living with AIDS. Hence, poverty reduction programs should target these vulnerable groups as a matter of priority.

3. Current LBDC sites are located in districts with high poverty incidences, but in certain countries these sites are not necessarily the poorest of the poor areas.

4. The LBDC sites in South Africa are located in the smallholder farming areas where the poorest communities are found.

5. The brief review on national poverty alleviation efforts, suggests that LBDC is well aligned to national initiatives.

The scope of this study is such that it was impossible to disaggregate poverty data to the individual or to the community level. People in different circumstances may have different levels of economic welfare at the same level of income (Ravallion and Lokshin, 2005). The poverty trends shown in the paper based on 2003 and 2007–2013 data are more important than the exact poverty values. Importantly, further efforts can be made to estimate wealth, (i.e., the inverse of poverty indices) at field sites and communities, so that the overall results can be related to targets of LBDC activities in alleviating poverty and food insecurity. The work prepared in this paper was used in L1 project assessments as well as for background information for other LBDC projects.

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About CPWF

The CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF) was launched in 2002. The CPWF aims to increase the resilience of social and ecological systems through better water management for food production (crops,

In document TOMO CXLII Santiago de Querétaro, Qro., 25 de diciembre de 2009 No. 95 (página 86-91)