El adjetivo verbal

The morphological and agronomic characterization of 900 accessions of faba bean held in the ICARDA gene bank at Tel Hadya experimental station, Syria, during the 2010–11 season (Table 5.2) showed limited degrees of variation for most of the qualitative and quantitative traits. The highest variation was recorded for first (low- est) pod length, the number of seeds per plant and 100-seed weight, which could be confounding effects of different botanic groups and would indicate a low genetic diversity within the cultivated faba bean groups. However, the use of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) (Zong et  al., 2009) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers (Wang et al., 2012) have allowed genetic resources to be dis- tinguished according to their geographic origin and the structuring of collections. Combined genotyping and phenotyping activities must continue on V. faba so that core collections can be defined. These will help in the discovery of new genes and alleles of interest for breeders. The AFLP markers were used to study the genetic

Table 5.1 Seed and Pod Characteristics of the Four Botanical Groups of V. faba Botanical Group Seed Weight and Shape Pod Characteristics

Major SWa_{≥100 mg}

Very plate

Small to large (from 2 to 10 seeds)

Plate, thick, nondehiscent pods

Equina 50<SW<100 mg

Plate

Medium size, 3–5 seeds Plate

Minor 30<SW<50 mg

Cylindrical to rounded form

Small with 3–4 seeds, cylindrical form

Paucijuga 20<SW<30 mg

Rounded to elliptical form

Very small, dehiscent or nondehiscent types a_{SW, average seed weight.}

diversity among a large set (n=79) of inbred lines of recent elite faba bean cultivars of Asian, European (northern and southern) and North African origin. These inbred lines were analysed using 8 selected AFLP primer combinations and produced 477 polymorphic fragments (Zeid, Schoen, & Link, 2003). The genetic diversity of 1000 faba bean accessions, comprising 505 accessions from the ICARDA global collec- tion, 250 accessions from Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible and 245 accessions from Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), was assessed using 16 SSR markers. Pozarkova et  al. (2002) developed 25 SSRs in faba bean from a nonenriched library VffJF01, which was screened with a mix of (CTTT)n, (ACT)n, (AAG)n, and (AAC)n probes. Further, the development of 41 novel EST-SSR mark- ers for Pisum sativum showed 53.7% of these markers could be transferred to the related species, V. faba (Xu et al., 2012). ICARDA, under the Generation Challenge Program (GCP), has also developed a new set of 100 SSRs, which are being used to characterize the faba bean collections representing genetic variation of the species. The primary results using 18 SSRs showed 10.6% heterozygosity (unpublished data,

Table 5.3).

Table 5.2 Mean, Range and Coefficient of Variation for Morphologic and Agronomic Traits Measured on 900 Accessions Evaluated at Tel Hadya Station During the 2010–11 Season

Trait Mean Range Coefficient of

Variation

Leaflet size 6.07 Min. 1–Max. 9 21.96

Leaflet shape 2.31 Min. 2–Max. 6 20.62

Number of leaflets per leaf 5.10 Min. 4–Max. 6 14.63

Stem thickness 6.14 Min. 1–Max. 10 18.17

Branching from basal node 3.87 Min. 1–Max. 6 22.22 Stem pigmentation at flowering 4.09 Min. 1–Max. 7 33.52 Number of flowers

per inflorescence

4.09 Min. 3–Max. 6 14.67

Flower ground colour 1.09 Min. 1–Max. 5 48.04

Wing petal colour 2.99 Min. 0–Max. 3 5.76

Pod surface reflectance 1.64 Min. 1–Max. 2 29.42 Pod distribution on stem 1.77 Min. 1–Max. 2 23.53 Days to 50% flowering 110.35 Min. 97–Max. 135 7.82 Days to 90% maturity 163.89 Min. 148–Max. 187 5.74 First (lowest) pod height (cm) 18.20 Min. 2–Max. 150 54.06 Number of nodes with pods 1.89 Min. 1–Max. 2 16.82 Number of pods per plant 13.68 Min. 0–Max. 48 48.67

Pod length (cm) 78.33 Min. 0–Max. 151 26.25

Pod width 10.93 Min. 1–Max. 21 24.09

Pod shape 1.27 Min. 1–Max. 12 44.11

Number of seeds per pod 2.15 Min. 0–Max. 4.4 23.17 Number of seeds per plant 29.28 Min. 4–Max. 141 52.31 Hundred-seed weight 84.00 Min. 0–Max. 205.48 55.04

5.3 Erosion of Genetic Diversity from the Traditional

Areas

The following information could indicate past and ongoing erosion of faba bean lan- draces in their various locations.

● Worldwide reduction of the cultivated area of faba bean as shown by the data compiled from FAO. Figure 5.1 lists the global annual harvested area, yield and production of faba bean and shows a reduction of 50% of the overall area since 1961. This reduction in area could be accompanied by a loss of some landraces, which in turn could be reflected in the change or loss of alleles because of a reduced population size and shrinking in number of distinct habitats or environments (Figure 5.1). In Morocco, the area allocated to faba bean has been reduced by 50% following infestation by the Orobanche parasitic weed, which has compelled farmers to abandon faba bean cultivation and replace the prevailing suscep- tible landraces with newly developed cultivars. In middle Egypt, FBNYV devastated the crop in 1992, which has led to the complete disappearance of all types of faba bean lan- draces and cultivars (Katul et al., 1993; Makkouk et al., 1994)

● Replacement of old landraces with new resistant/tolerant cultivars or by other species. In addition to improved agricultural practices, the observed increase in average yield could result from the increased adoption of modern varieties, replacing traditional landraces; this could be another indicator of the genetic erosion of this crop. In Egypt, 20 varieties have

Table 5.3 Summary of Genotyping 1000 Faba Bean Accessions with 18 Microsatellite Primers

Primer Name Max (bp) Min (bp) Range (bp) Heterozygocity (%)

A110-1 245 117 129 8.28 F112-1 308 250 57 2.12 E115-1 300 211 89 8.92 E114-1 306 219 86 14.12 C7-1 250 204 46 12.10 O25-JF1-AG2 217 145 71 28.13 A105-1 329 248 81 16.77 G114-1 137 92 44 11.15 A102-1 254 146 108 27.28 A9 301 250 60 17.3 O23-GA1154 252 176 76 12.21 O13-GA3 237 150 87 11.57 F117-1 250 197 53 9.98 F11-1 307 266 40 2.34 E109-1 282 194 88 7.01 A117-1 214 171 44 6.37 A116-1 300 239 61 2.76 O3-GATA2 198 128 70 6.48 A109-1 240 176 64 2.76 Average 256.9 185.0 72.0 10.6

been released since 1980 with a 30% adoption rate. In China, the cultivar Yundou 147, released from a K0285 × ILB8047 cross, is estimated to account for more than 30% of the faba bean acreage in Yunnan province. Several varieties replacing the old landraces in different regions have been released by various Chinese academies (Bao Shiying, personal communication).

● Surveys undertaken by ICARDA within the dry-land agrobiodiversity project, includ- ing four countries of the Fertile Crescent – Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and the Palestinian Authority – showed that the landraces of several field crops (cereals and food legumes) were replaced by introduced fruit tree species, such as apples, cherries and olive (Mazid, Shideed, & Amri, 2006).

5.4 Status of Germplasm Resources Conservation

ICARDA safeguards the largest collection of faba bean worldwide (32% of the total world collection). This global collection conserves materials from 71 countries with a high percentage of unique accessions. A total of 8628 of these accessions com- prise the international collection held in trust for the global community. The collec- tion held at ICARDA also conserves over 6000 accessions of other Vicia species, including about 3000 accessions of wild species of Vicia. The accession type and source data in Table 5.4 provide an indication of the uniqueness of the collections. Collections with a high percentage of wild relatives, landraces and materials origi- nally collected by ICARDA are most likely to encompass unique accessions prior- itized in a rational global system.

Table 5.4 Gene Banks with More Than 500 Faba Bean Accessions

Country/City Organization No. of Accessions

Australia/Victoria DPI 2445

Bulgaria/Sadovo IIPGR 692

China/Beijing CAAS 5200

Ethiopia/Addis Ababa PGRC 1118

France/Dijon INRA 1900

Germany/Gatersleben Genebank IPK/ 1920

Italy/Bari Genebank 1876 Morocco/Rabat INRA 1715 Netherlands/Wageningen DLO 726 Poland/Poznam IOPG-PAS 1258 Poland/Radzikow PBAI 856 Portugal/Oeiras INRB-IP 788

Russia/St Petersburg VIR 1881

Spain/Córdoba IFAPA 1091

Spain/Madrid CNR 1622

Syria/Aleppo ICARDA 10,045