AISLAMIENTO E IDENTIFICACIÓN MORFOLÓGICA DE LOS HONGOS

In regards to tourism development, the Indonesian government has formulated its vision, which is:

Indonesia, as a world-class tourism destination, competitive and sustainable, with the capacity to stimulate regional development and people’s welfare (The Government of the Republic of Indonesia, 2011a).

Tourism has been a national development priority for the government for over three decades (Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy of the Republic of Indonesia & the International Labour Organization, 2012), with national and regional development policies on tourism commencing in 1954. Today, there are many laws and regulations that ‘frame’ the development of Indonesia’s tourism and a significant number of ministries are involved in and responsible for the country’s tourism development (Ardika, 2002). The central policy document for tourism is the Tourism Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 10 2009 (Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy of the Republic of Indonesia & the International Labour Organization, 2012).

Indonesian tourism development planning is documented in the Master Plan of National Tourism Development (RIPPARNAS). The master plan provides direction for tourism development, products, markets, zonation, human resources, and tourist management that aims at developing tourism sustainably. RIPPARNAS also regulates stakeholders’ roles so they could work in a synergistic and integrated way to achieve tourism development goals (The Government of the Republic of Indonesia, 2011a). It is an operational reference for tourism development, incorporating economic, social, and cultural considerations that apply to both central and regional government. It’s main aims are to improve or increase the quality of management, the number of tourist visits, length of tourist stays, visitor expenditure, and the benefits for the community. However, RIPPARNAS emphasises the importance of tourist attractions for the development of the Indonesian economy, rather than community development (Friedberg & Hilderbrand, 2017).

The Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy (MoTCE) represents the primary centre for tourism policy development within the national government and numerous other functional units of government’s ministries and agencies are involved in tourism (The Government of Republic Indonesia, 2010). Government ministries, aside from MoTCE managing and organising tourism development or issuing policies about tourism development are the Ministry of Forestry (MoF), Ministry of Environment (MoE), Ministry of Internal Affairs (MIA), Ministry of Marine and Fishery (MoMF), Ministry for Government Enterprises (MfGE/BUMN), Ministry of Industry, the National (and Regional) Investment Coordinating Board, Ministry of Trade, and Ministry of National Development Planning.

The MoTCE is responsible for encouraging and controlling tourism development and tourism industry

activities and for promoting tourism for international and domestic markets. It also formulates and implements policies on culture and tourism, which are combined so that tourism development contributes to the development and enrichment of Indonesian culture, and vice versa (Ardika, 2002; The Government of Republic Indonesia, 2010). The MoTCE, along with the Ministry for National Education and Culture (MfNEC) and the Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration (MoMT) are

responsible also for human resource development and work together to develop tourism education and training.

The MoMT has the authority to supervise and control training for workforce development and it has published “Guidelines on Integrated Rural Sustainable Tourism Development” that was designed to assist local government in promoting sustainable, rural tourism (Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy of the Republic of Indonesia & the International Labour Organization, 2012). Working alongside MoTCE in the development of tourism is the MIA, which is responsible for subordinate local governments that plan and manage tourism development in their respective jurisdictions. The MIA published a guide for local government on tourism development (Ardika, 2002).

The MoF has an important role in tourism development due to having authority over National and Forest Parks (Taman Hutan Raya), and other protected areas (including marine ones). It is

responsible for assisting and organising forestry affairs, including tourism development in forest areas (Ardika, 2002; The Government of Republic Indonesia, 2010). The MoMF has the authority over seas and oceans where marine-based tourism occurs; however, its jurisdiction sometimes overlaps with MoF, particularly for the marine protected areas. Another ministry with overlapping

responsibilities with both MoF and MoMF is the MoE, which is in charge of policies concerning environmental sustainability.

While these ministries have interests in tourism, there are other ministries whose portfolios at times overlap with tourism. For example, the Ministry for Agriculture has authority for agro-tourism development, the MfGE/BUMN is in charge of policy related to infrastructure including the

transportation industry and accommodations, and the Ministry for Development Acceleration of Less Developed Regions also have policies in certain rural provinces that have tourism potential. The Coordinating Ministry for People’s Welfare is responsible for coordinating tourism development as a tool to improve community welfare and reduce possible undesirable social impacts, and the Ministry for Women Empowerment and Child Protection plays a significant role in providing technical support in promoting gender equality in education and training, including for the tourism industry (Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy of the Republic of Indonesia & the International Labour

Organization, 2012).

This complicated web of interests, responsibilities and overlapping portfolios not only makes a cohesive whole-of-government tourism direction difficult but can lead to a clash of interests among the different stakeholders (Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy of the Republic of Indonesia & the International Labour Organization, 2012).