Ajuste de los datos al modelo

Through the review of related literature and related studies, researcher was provided the knowledge and background on the topic or subject being studied.

Reading these literatures and studies will help the researchers determine what has been done in the past and will give the researchers pointers on how to develop or make some progress on the status of its study.

Situations that place LGBT Individuals into Discrimination Coming Out

Coming out refers to the process which an LGBT person accepts their gender identity as part of their overall identity.

LGB people may be prevented from coming out by fears about career progression; lack of visible senior LGB staff; temporary employment status;

previous negative experiences of discrimination and harassment; desiring privacy; “macho” or religious attitudes/behaviors of co‐workers (Wright et. al., 2006).

According to Wong and Tang (2004), low level of psychological distress in Chinese gay men was linked to their coming out experiences, which were in turn related to TRA components of involvement and identification with gay communities and positive attitudes toward coming out.

Despite the increased implementation of an equality agenda (e.g. equal access; widening participation) in UK Higher Education, homophobia on campus

is still a significant problem and therefore universities are not perceived nor experienced by LGBT students as ‘safe spaces’ in which to be open about sexual orientation/gender identity (Ellis, 2009).

Same-sex relationship

Same-sex relationship refers to the relationship between persons of the same sex.

According to the study of Russell et. al. (2001), youths with both-sex attractions were at a somewhat higher risk for substance use and abuse than were heterosexual youths.

In the study of Gilman et. al. (2001), a total of 2.1% of men and 1.5% of women reported 1 or more same-sex sexual partners in the past 5 years. These respondents had higher 12-month prevalence of anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders and of suicidal thoughts and plans than did respondents with opposite-sex partners only.

In other studies, same-sex couples were granted significantly fewer hotel reservations than opposite-sex couples, suggesting that there was indeed discrimination against same-sex couples (Jones, 2010).

Same-sex couples experience minority stress as they interact with their family members, coworkers, and communities (Rostosky et. al., 2007).

Homophobia

Merriam-Webster Dictionary (1998) defined homophobia as an irrational fear or discrimination against homosexuality or homosexuals.

Data from interviews and focus groups with young LGBT participants suggest a strong link between homophobia and self‐destructive behaviors

experiences of social discrimination (homophobia, racism, and financial hardship) and symptoms of psychological distress (anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation) among self-identified gay and bisexual Latino men in the United States.

The study showed high prevalence rates of psychological symptoms of distress in the population of gay Latino men during the 6 months before the interview, including suicidal ideation (17% prevalence), anxiety (44%), and depressed mood (80%).

According to the study of Wilson and Yoshikawa (2016), Asian and Pacific Islander (A&PI) gay men experience types of discrimination across a variety of contexts. Homophobia and anti-immigrant discrimination were linked to confrontation and social network-based responses whereas discrimination based in stereotypes of passivity / submission were linked with self-attribution.

Heteronormativity

According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary (1998), heteronormativity relates to the attitude that heterosexuality is the only normal and natural expression of sexuality.

Internalized heterosexism fully mediated the relationships between both gender role conflicts around restrictive affectionate behavior between men and heterosexist discrimination and depression (Dawn and Ayze, 2013).

According to the study of Cech and Waidzunas (2010) on homosexual engineering students, both pervasive prejudicial cultural norms and perceptions of competence particular to the engineering profession can limit the students' opportunities to succeed, relative to their heterosexual peers.

In the study of Ferfolja (2007), it shows that despite an apparent broader societal ‘tolerance’ for non‐heterosexuality, as well as legislation that condemns anti‐‘homosexual’ discrimination in education in New South Wales, homophobic prejudice — often in the form of silence, omission and assumption — prevails.

Both implicit discrimination that results from ‘heteronormative’ attitudes and explicit discrimination that causes LGBT sports-people to remain in the closet, become isolated and essentially silenced, have shaped a circle of silence on this topic (Symons, et. al., 2010).

Religion and homosexuality

In the study of Hariss (2008) among gay and lesbian adults, results indicated that : (1) levels of religious commitment did not predict positive adjustment and did not appear to interact with the other religious variables assessed; (2) scriptural literalism (i.e., interpreting Biblical scripture with comparatively little attention to historical context) was not related to internalized homophobia or sexual identity development; and (3) higher levels of postconventional religious reasoning (i.e., making religious decisions independently rather than in deference to other authorities) predicted lower levels of internalized homophobia and higher levels of sexual identity development.

According to Hooghes, et. al. (2010), various religious denominations proved to have a strong and significant negative impact on tolerance, with especially high scores for Islam. Religious practice, too, contributes to a negative attitude toward LGBT rights.

Types of Discrimination Experienced by LGBT Individuals Harassment

According to the Equality Act of 2010, harassment is defined as ‘unwanted conduct’ and must be related to a relevant protected characteristic or be ‘of a sexual nature‘. It must also have the purpose or effect of violating a person’s dignity or creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive

a sample of 121 undergraduate students between 19 and 22 years of age. Over three fourths of the respondents reported verbal abuse and over one fourth had been threatened with violence (D'Augelli. 1992).

According to the study of Huebner et. al. (2003), thirty-seven percent of the respondents reported experiencing anti-gay verbal harassment in the previous 6 months; 11.2% reported discrimination, and 4.8% reported physical violence.

Another study by Peters (2003), showed that 94% of the students surveyed hear anti-gay epithets “frequently” or “sometimes” in their schools; 86%

of students say that anti-gay harassment is “rarely” or “never” confronted by school officials; and nearly 1 in 10 (9%) of students have been physically harassed based on their real or perceived sexual orientation.

Victimization

According to the Equality Act of 2010, victimization is when an employee is treated less favorably than others for: (1) making an allegation of discrimination, and/or, (2) supporting a complaint of discrimination, and/or, (3) giving evidence relating to a complaint about discrimination, and/or, (4) raising a grievance concerning equality or discrimination, and/or, (5) doing anything else for the purposes of (or in connection to) the Equality Act 2010.

Data drawn from a survey of a diverse sample of 5,730 LGBT youths who had attended secondary schools in the United States showed that victimization contributed to lower academic outcomes and lower self-esteem; however, school-based supports contributed to lower victimization and better academic outcomes (Kosciw et. al., 2012).

The sample consisted of 488 subjects older than 18 years (M = 25.1), who were interviewed during the 2007 LGBT Pride Parade in Santiago, Chile showed that approximately three fourths of respondents reported experiencing ridicule

and almost 60% reported experiencing insults or threats. Transgender were significantly more likely than gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals to experience discrimination or victimization events (Barrientos et. al., 2010).

Direct sex discrimination

According to the Equality Act of 2010, direct discrimination occurs where someone is treated less favourably directly because of a protected characteristic they possess, a protected characteristic of someone they are associated with, such as a friend, family member or colleague or a protected characteristic they are thought to have, regardless of whether this perception by others is actually correct or not.

In the study of Tilcsik (2011), two main findings have emerged. First, in some but not all states, there was a significant discrimination against the fictitious applicants who appeared to be gay. Second, employers who emphasized the importance of stereotypically male heterosexual traits were particularly likely to discriminate against openly gay men.

According to the study of Hunter (1990), 41% in the sample reported having suffered violence from families, peers, or strangers; 46% of that violence was gay-related.

Indirect sex discrimination

According to the Equality Act of 2010, indirect sex discrimination is where a provision, criterion or practice is applied equally to a group of employees/job applicants, but has (or will have) the effect of putting those who share a certain

bisexual (LGB) individuals experience both conscious and unconscious microaggressions from heterosexuals and support that microaggressions negatively impact LGB individual's mental health.

According to Hendren and Blank (2009), a person perceived as being a lesbian or a gay man received much less help, especially from men, than the same person perceived as being heterosexual.

Effects of Discrimination to the Self-worth of LGBT Individuals Suicidal thoughts

In the study of Remafedi et. al. (1991), forty-one subjects (41/137) reported a suicide attempt; and almost half of them described multiple attempts.

Twenty-one percent of all attempts resulted in medical or psychiatric admissions.

Compared with non-attempters, attempters had more feminine gender roles and adopted a bisexual or homosexual identity at younger age

In another study of Remafedi et. al. in 1998, suicide attempts were reported by 28. 1 % of bisexual/homosexual males, 20.5% of bisexual/homosexual females, 14.5% of heterosexual females, and 4.2% of heterosexual males. For males, but not females, bisexual/homosexual orientation was associated with suicidal intent and attempts.

According to the study of Clements-Nolle et. al. (2008) in multivariate logistic regression analysis, younger age (<25 years), depression, a history of substance abuse treatment, a history of forced sex, gender-based discrimination, and gender-based victimization were independently associated with attempted suicide.

Social isolation

In the study of Nelson et. al. (2009), the findings were: cultural barriers limiting disclosure of sexuality to family and wider social networks; experiences of

discrimination by White gay men that included exclusion as well as objectification; a lack of positive gay role models and imagery relating to men from minority ethnic backgrounds.

Empirical data from the Institute for the Protection of Lesbian and Gay Youth, Inc. in New York City suggests that isolation, family violence, educational issues, emotional stresses, shelter, and sexual abuse are the main concerns of youth entering the program (Hetrick and Martin, 2010).

Low self-esteem

According to the study of Syzmanski and Gupta (2009), internalized racism and internalized heterosexism (also known as internalized homophobia) were both significant negative predictors of self-esteem, but only internalized heterosexism was a unique positive predictor of psychological distress.

Negative feelings about the transsexual community and fears regarding the impact of a transsexual identity were positively related to psychological distress (Sanchez and Villain, 2009).

Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, research locale, respondents of the study, sampling technique, research instrument, data gathering procedure, data analysis, methodological limitation and ethical considerations of the study.

Research Design

In this study, a descriptive design will be used. This qualitative type of research is utilized since it would identify the effects of discrimination in the self-worth of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals. Descriptive research is designed to summarize the status of phenomenon of interest as they currently exist.

Research Method

An in-depth interview will be used in conducting this research. The information gathered in this method comes from the thoughtful reflection of one person assisted by exchange with the interview.

Locale of the Study

This study will be conducted among the selected working lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals of selected municipalities of Aklan.

The location is selected due to its accessibility and to achieve a more comprehensive study.

Respondents of the Study

The respondent of the study will consist of the selected working lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals of selected municipalities of Aklan who experienced discrimination.

The criteria for selecting the respondents would be: (1) a lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals, (2) working lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals, and (3) a lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals who experienced discrimination.

Sampling Technique

A non-probability sampling technique particularly purposive sampling will be used in this study. The reason that it will be used is because it can provide the researcher with the justification to make generalizations from the sample that is being studied.

Sampling Size

The respondents for this study will be selected lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) individuals of selected municipalities of Aklan. This study will involve 15 respondents who experienced discrimination in their everyday life, particularly in their workplace.

Research Instrument

The researchers will utilize an interview guide in determining the effects of discrimination in the self-worth of the respondents.

eliminate errors and perfect the data collection instrument.

Data Gathering Procedure

Permission to conduct the study will be obtained through a communication signed by the researcher and noted by the adviser and the dean. Once permission to conduct the study will be granted, the interview will take place in the assigned date and place chosen by both the researcher and the respondent.

After the data have been collected, it will be tallied and statistically treated.

Data Analysis

The data that will be gathered will be handled properly through the identification of ideas from the respondent’s responses. Prevailing possibilities will be developed neighboring each ideas. In these, very appropriate text-based data will be encoded. The data will be consolidated based on categories of the research and the content will be analyzed. The element of analysis for this qualitative method will be the individuals but generalization can be made out of 15 respondents.

Methodological Limitations

This study will be a descriptive research design using a qualitative research method, because the data that will be gathered are respondent’s statements. The data will be taken by interview.

Since this research is a subtle topic, some respondents may not open up, because they feel afraid. Repression may occur upon interview that may lead to the respondent’s feeling of unease and will give only limited information.

Schedule of interview may also be affected for some of the respondents are busy in their workplace.

Ethical Considerations

All respondents will be given moral considerations like securing their privacy. They will be informed of their participation with the used of informed consent that will be verbalized before the interview.

Respecting their rights regarding their involvement, such as the right to participate, right to refuse, and right to ask questions will be acknowledged. The information gathered will be highly confidential and private. After an hour of interview, a token of appreciation will be given by saying “thank you” for their effort, time and participation.

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APPENDIX A.

In document –Tesis Doctoral– (página 177-182)