Sonnı¯ ’Alı¯ and Mohammed I Askia on the Holt Researcher, create a time line of the major events of their reigns.
The great cultural and commercial city of Timbuktu was a center of trade in the Songhai Empire.
Review
Creating a Time Line
Copy the time line below onto a sheet of paper. Complete the time line by filling in the events, individuals, and dates from the chapter that you think were significant. Pick three events and explain why you think they were significant.
Writing a Summary
Using standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation, write an overview of the events in the chapter.
Identifying People and Ideas
Identify the following terms or individuals and explain their significance.
1.linguists 6. Swahili 2.Bantu 7. Shona 3.oral traditions 8. Mansa M¯us¯a 4.matrilineal 9. Sonni ‘Alı¯
5.King ‘E¯z¯an¯a 10. Mohammed I Askia
Understanding Main Ideas
SECTION 1 (pp. 182–186)
Africa’s Early History
1.What is the main natural landform of Sub-Saharan Africa?
2.What geographical feature made trade and communication difficult in many parts of Africa?
3.What are some of the tools that scholars have used to uncover the history of Africa?
4.How was early African society organized? SECTION 2 (pp. 187–190)
The Kingdoms of Kush and Aksum
5.What was the relationship of the kingdom of Kush to Egypt?
6.Why was control of trade routes important in the growth of Kush and Aksum?
7. What factors may have explained the decline of the kingdom of Kush?
8.How did Christianity become important in the kingdom of Aksum?
SECTION 3 (pp. 191–195)
Trading States of Africa
9.Who established trading centers along the East African coast?
10.What unique culture developed in coastal East Africa, and what factors bound the different peoples of this culture together?
11.Why was control of gold mining important in East Africa?
12.What general factors helped to promote the rise of West African kingdoms?
Reviewing Themes
1. Economics What types of goods were traded in Africa and how did they meet people’s needs?
2. Geography How did the natural environment affect the people of Africa?
3. Global Relations How did the rulers of African kingdoms get what they wanted from others?
Thinking Critically
1. Contrasting How did early East African societies differ from the early African societies of Kush, Aksum, and West Africa?
2. Identifying Bias Why is it helpful to have observations of African societies from Arab travelers and historians who lived during the historical period?
3. Making Generalizations How were the people of Africa able to build complex civilizations and share cultural ideas with one another and with people from other lands?
Evaluating Write an evaluation in which you describe the major similarities and differences in the development of the kingdoms of Kush and Mali. Use the Venn diagram below to organize your thoughts before writing.
Writing About History
8
8
Kush Mali
197 AFRICA
Interpreting a Graph
Study the graph below. Then use the information on the graph to help you answer the questions that follow.
Average Maximum Temperatures in African Cities (in Fahrenheit)
1.Which of the following is a correct general statement about temperatures in African cities?
a. Lagos has a greater year-round temperature change than Cairo does.
b. There is less than a 4°F difference between July temperatures in Capetown and Lagos.
c. The average maximum temperature in Cairo is 93.9°F.
d. The temperature in Nigeria and Kenya does not change significantly during the year.
2.Why are the temperatures in Capetown highest in January, while in Cairo they are lowest in January?
Identifying Values and Opinions
Read the following excerpt from the Greek historian Herodotus, who wrote during the 400s B.C. Then answer the
questions.
“As for Libya [Africa], we know that it is washed on all sides by the sea except where it joins Asia, as was first demonstrated, so far as our knowledge goes . . . by a Phoenician crew with orders to sail west-about and return to Egypt and the Mediterranean by way of the Straits of Gibraltar. These men made a state- ment which I do not myself believe . . . to the effect that as they sailed on a westerly course round the southern end of Libya, they had the [morning] sun on their right . . . .”
3.Which of the following from the excerpt expresses values or opinions held by the author?
a. “so far as our knowledge goes” and “which I do not myself believe”
b. “we know that it is washed on all sides by the sea”
c. “these men made a statement”
d. “to the effect that as they sailed on a westerly course”
4.Which of the statements in the excerpt are factual? Give reasons for your choices.
Alternative Assessment
Building Your Portfolio
Economics
Much of history is based on the trade in ideas, goods, and technology between people.
Use the library to find and interpret bibliographies that will help you create a list of ways in which trade has shaped various cultures. Then make a poster to illustrate what early African societies contributed to world culture through trade.
Internet Activity: go.hrw.com
KEYWORD: SP3 WH8
Choose a topic on Africa to:
• research threats to the Congo Basin’s ecosystem. • explore the ancient kingdom of Nubia. • analyze language development in Africa.
c. 1200 B.C.
Global Events The Olmec appear in central Mexico.
c. 800 B.C.
The Arts The oldest known pottery found in Alaska is produced. c. 400 B.C. The Arts Maya architects build temples and houses for nobles.
c. 200 B.C.
Global Events The Hopewell people settle in the Ohio River valley. c. 100 B.C. Business and Finance Chocolate, a popular Maya drink, is also used as a form of currency. c. 1150 B.C. The Arts Olmec artists carve giant stone heads.
c. 500s B.C. Daily Life People in Mexico play ballgames.