Algoritmo de posicionamiento solar

KA EN C H IA N G Y U N / T H A PHRA K A TA N A W IC H A I K O S U M P H ISA I M A H A S A R A K H A M ' BORABU N A A C H U A K _{W A P I PATHUM} P H A P H U M 5 0 k m s R IV E R S ROADS RAILWAYS 4 ( t t W f r B O U N D S

villages in the vacinity of M a h a s a r a k h a m town were visted and then rejected as being unsuitable. The three p rincipal selection criteria were as follows:

(a) The villagers should cultivate rice as a subsistence crop/ and al s o have a certain a m o u n t of up l a n d cash cropping.

(b) The villages should be located in an area of early s ettlement (or/ at least/ fairly dense settlement) where there is no longer any free land onto which a g r i c ulture can be extended.

(c) The villages should have relatively easy access to a town (iej a market).

Following the identification of Noon Tae and Tha Song Korn as suitable communities/ the phuu yay baan of each w a s asked for his p e rm i s s i o n for the research to be carried out. Both willingly gave their consent. It was emp h a s i s e d at this early point [1] that the work was being done u n de r the a u s p i c e s of the U n iv er si ty of London/ independently of the Royal Thai government. This was so that inhabitants w ould not associate the work with any of the official d e ve l o p m e n t a g e ncies or projects.

A f t e r this/ all the a p propriate g o ve rn me nt offices in M a h a s a r a k h a m we r e visited in order to o b tain as much i nformation and as many statistics regarding the tambon

[1] In Baan No o n Tae/ soon af t e r it was selected as one of the study villages/ there was a religious festival at which the purpose and b ackground to the research was exp l a i n e d using the PA system set up by the a bbot and his monks.

and the villages, as possible [1]. At the same time, using aerial pho t o g r a p h s of the area as a base, a detailed land use map of the 6 km2 surrounding the study site was made. The value of the completed map does not war r a n t the a mo u n t of time put into producing it; however, the task was felt to be useful, as the initial stage of the

fieldwork, for a n umber of other reasons;

It is only by wan d e r i n g around the fields (this was during the rice harves t i n g season; O c t o b e r to December) that an unde r s t a n d i n g of the nature of the e n v i r o n m e n t can be reached (this unde r s t a n d i n g or a p p r e c i a t i o n will, even so, be limited and rudimentary). The p r ocess also enables the res e a r c h e r to converse with the farmers quite literally, "in the field", and to become known and recognised by the population. This second po i n t is extremely important if farmers are to a n s w e r questions fully and honestly.

B e tween February and April 1983 a d e t ailed survey of the inhabitants of N o o n Tae and Tha S o n g Korn w a s undertaken. A q u e stionnaire was constructed wi t h the help

[1] D e p a r t m e n t of Agr i c u l t u r a l Ext e n s i o n (Amphoe and G h a n g w a t Offices); C o m m u n i t y D e v e l o pm en t D e pa rt me nt

(Amphoe Office); Rural D e v e l o p me nt D e p a r t m e n t (Changwat Office); La n d D e p a r t m e n t (Amphoe and C h a n g w a t Offices); Land D e v e l o p m e n t D e p a rt me nt (Changwat Office); D e p a rtment of For e s t r y (Changwat Office); C ooperative D e p a r tm en t (Amphoe and C h a n g w a t Offices); Pig Cooperative (Amphoe and C h a n g w a t Offices); Bank for Agriculture and Agricul t u r a l C o o p e r a t i v e s (Changwat Office).

of a number of Isan speakers [1] and it was structured in order that there w as room for a ce r t a i n a m o u n t of flexibility (Appendix 1.1). This was so that a fertile line of e n quiry could/ if necessary/ be pu r s u e d beyond the limits of each p ar t i c u l a r question.

The pre l i m i n a r y questionnaire was then tested on the two headmen so that they could offer their advice and criticisms [2], any problems be ironed out/ and also so that the e t i q uette of social relations in the villages could be fulfilled [3]. Following this limited pi l o t

[1] Terms and expr e s s i o n s for such things as categories of riceland vary across the Northeast. Thus/ in the research area upper paddy was called thii d o r n ; middle paddy, thii raap; and lower paddy, thii lum (these are terms which are used quite w idely over the region). G r a n d s t a ff working in the changwats of Ro i e t and C haiyaphum found villages with an a s s o r t me nt of other terms categorising pad d y l a n d types:

thii tarn (low place) and naa kao ("old paddys") identified l ower paddys: while thii dong (forest location), th i i ky n (places with less waterT, and thii sung (high p l a c e ) all referred to u p p e r pad d y s which suffered from wa t e r shortages (Grand s t a f f , 1 9 8 1 ,pp 15-16). [2] eg; it was not certain if questions on income and birth control wo u l d be a cceptable to the villagers. The phuu yay baan co n f i r m e d that they were a c c e ptable and w o u ld not cause offence or an e x c essive a mo u n t of embarrassment.

[3] It was felt that it wo u l d not be good public relations if the headman discovered that a questio n n a i r e was being conducted w it h o u t him being told and involved in it. Indeed, the importance of the phuu yay baan and his p ower to limit the success of p r o jects he did not give his full backing to or did not approve of was, at least in No o n Tae, clear (look to page 433; regarding the CBIRD fish pond p r o j e c t ).

study, it was slightly re-written and organised [1], and then duplicated. In addition, although the q u e stionnaire remained ess e n t i a l l y the same, there were a number of q u e s tions added as the survey progressed, eg; a question on income given to the temple fund, and one on herbicide use. The need to do this demonstrates the adv a n t a g e s of having the time, man po w e r and the facilities to conduct p re l i m i n a r y surveys and r e presentational pilot questionnaires. F o l lowing these a m en dm en ts the questio n n a i r e was ready to be implemented.

Although I was p r e s e n t at every interview an Isan