Algunos factores externos condicionantes del proceso de

(all pages refer to Campbell and Reece, 7th _edition)

I. Molecules and Cells

A. Chemistry of Life

1. Water (this should be an easy review) (Chapter 3) but be sure to go over the properties like

cohesion, heat of vaporization, etc. Look at the chapter review on page 56. and tie the properties to why they are important to life in general. At the end of the chapter is a good discussion of pH and buffers if you are still uncertain about this.

2. Organic Molecules (from carbon to DNA) (Chapter 4 and 5) This is really a big area, but you

know a lot. Review the summary pages at the ends of the chapters, especially page 90. Look over functional groups on page 64-65. You should be able to recognize major classes of molecules from a structural formula.

3. Free Energy Change (definitions of pg 145 and graphs on [g 151 –152) ATP (pg 148)

4. Enzymes. Review the outline on page 158. Review inhibitors and allosteric sites (pg 155-156) B. Cells

1. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic. Review the diagram of a prokaryotic cell on pg. 98. Remember that

they are in the domain Eubacteria. Eukaryotic cell parts (Chapter 6). Review key concepts on pg. 122. Be able to describe the Archea.

2. Membranes. Review structure diagram on pg. 127. but also remember the functional aspects like

diffusion, active transport, osmosis etc. Look at the function of proteins on page 128, the Na/K ATPase pump on pg. 135, endocytosis diagrams on page 138.

3. Subcellular Organization (These are the cell parts in chapter 6). Remember structure relates to

function….cells have what they need to use. Review page 122.

4. Cell Cycle and Regulation. This is a big area. Mitosis is Chapter 12. Look at the pie chart on pg

221 and review the stages of mitosis on pg 222-223. Try to tie this to DNA replication. This cycle is regulated by factors (pg 229-230). Remember that cancer doesn’t follow the rules.

C. Cellular Energetics

1. Coupled Reactions - Don’t worry too much. Just remember free energy change and that some

reactions are easier to run than others and they are coupled with the hard ones.

2. Fermentation and Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9). This is a big area. glycolysis, Kreb’s

electron transport and ATP production. Look at the overall diagrams of comparison like on pg 164, 172, 174. Do NOT try to memorize all the details, but focus on the end products like NADH, FADH, and ATP. Which is more efficient. How is each stp regulated? (remember phosphofructokinase??)

plants on page 197. Why does photorespiration happen? (Page 195) Look at the C4 diagram on page 196.

II. Heredity and Evolution

A. Heredity

1. Meiosis (pg 238-246)(this should be an easy review) Tie meiosis to crossing over (pg 248 and the

Sordaria experiment. Compare to mitosis (pg 247).

2. Gametogenesis (egg and sperm production) (pg 974-975) and plants (597-600). Gametes are

haploid and involve meiosis in their production.

3. Eukaryotic chromosomes (pg 219 and 359).

4. Inheritance patterns (monohybrid, dihybrid crosses, sex linkage) Patterns such as 3:1 and

9:3:3:1. All problems will be simple and not require a calculator.

B. Molecular Genetics

1. RNA and DNA structure and function (this is the whole central dogma) Review replication,

transcription, translation, but do it generally. Individual enzymes are very unlikely to be asked 0 with the excetpion of ligase (glue), restriction endonuclease (specific cuts) and polymerase (RNA poly does transcription; DNA poly does replication). Be sure to list the differences in DNA and RNA (see page for a food summary of RNA).

2. Gene Regulation (everything from operons to methylation to pre m-RNA to introns to inactive

proteins. This covers a lot of territory. Think feedback here and look at the diagrams on pg 362 and 372.

3. Mutation – Know the basics of deletion, duplication, inversion, insertion and translocation. Those

mutations can happen at the nucleotide level, the gene level, or the chromosomal level (pg 328-329).

4. Viral Structure and Replication Know the relationship between nucleic acid, protein, lytic and

lysogenic cycles. Review Chapter 18 in general and pages 338-336 for specific diagrams. Be sure to understand HIV as a virus (pg 342).

5. Nucleic Acid Technology and Applications This is where the objectives of your transformation

and restriction digest lab go.. Review these labs. How can you tell how big a piece of DNA is? Know about transposons , sequencing, PCR, DNA fingerprints, and cloning.

C. Evolutionary Biology

1. Early Evolution of Life (Chapter 26). Know the origin of life, Miller’s experiment and the Oparin

hypothesis (page 213). What is the significance of the four gases: methane, ammonia, water and hydrogen? Skim this chapter and read the last section on the Tree of Life and study the tChapter Review on page 532.

2. Evidence for Evolution – Think about molecular biology (chimps and us differ by 1% in our DNA,

fossils, homology ( similar structures) and embryology (similar development) . Why is a tunicate considered a chordate?

3. Mechanisms of Evolution- This is chapters 22,23,24. We have concentrated on the mechanisms

the diagrams and summaries of key concepts at the end of the chapters. Try some of the multiple choice questions to see how you do (Answers are in Appendix A).

III. Organisms and Populations

A. Taxonomy

1. There are 6 kingdoms: Monera, Archea, Protists, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae. (page 495-497). 2. Each kingdom is divided into subgroups (the phylum classification).

These groups are illustrated for animals on page 635 and for plants on pages 578-579.

**Pay attention to the notion of Alteration of Generations in Plants (page 576) While animals also alternate between diploid and haploid, plants often live a great portion of their time in the haploid. For example, moss is haploid. Only the tall spikes that come out of the fuzzy stuff are diploid.

3. The different classes of chordates are listed and described on page 672. The orders of mammals are on page 699. Read the Chapter Review Section on page 707-708.

B. Plants – Read the review outline for each of these chapters 35,36,37,38,39,40.

1. Review tissues and general functions such as the transport of wter and food and the functioning of the stomata. (page 717-719, 750).

2. Review the structure of tissues: stems, leaf, root (pages 721, 725, 726, 727). These often occur as multiple choice questions.

3. Look at the chart for plant hormones (page 794) and review the short-day, long-day and flowering plants (page 807). Remember this is the “nervous system” of the plant. Many movements are regulated by the presence of hormones.

C. Animals (Chapters 40-49) Read the end of the chapter reviews for each of these chapters.

1. Review tissues, organs and general functions of each system (RUN MRS LIDEC). Relate each organ to the problem it solves for the organism and how it differs in different environments (structure is related to function!)

2. Look at the diagrams of the heart (page 872), the eye (page 1059), the brain (page 1032), the kidney (pages 932-933) to prepare for the multiple choice questions.

3. Review each of the sensory organs such as the eye (page 1059) and the ear (pages 1052- 1053).

4. Review movement. Check the diagram on pages 1067-1068. Look at the diagrams and read the text about how a muscle works (pages 1066-1072).

3. Review the key concepts for population ecology (Chapter 52). Know terms like limiting factors, carrying capacity, exponential curves and steady growth. Review the key concepts for behavioral biology (Chapter 51). Know key terms such as learning, cognition and sociobiology.

E. Animal Behavior

Look through the pictures in Chapter 51/ Check the Chapter Review on page 1133. It is filled with vocabulary, but the most important is probably the learning and behavior section.