Análisis cualitativo de los datos

The information in this section is derived from a combination of various official and unofficial publicly available materials and sources of information. It has not been independently verified by the Company, the Book Running Lead Manager or their respective legal advisors, and no representation is made as to the accuracy of this information, which may be inconsistent with information available or compiled from other sources. Overview of the Global Macroeconomic Environment

The global economy recovered faster than expected, led by robust growth in Emerging Market Economies (EMEs). Global output increased by over 5 per cent in Q1 of 2010 but it has hit a soft patch thereafter due to concerns stemming from the sovereign debt situation in the euro area. The IMF revised upwards its global growth projections for 2010 to 4.6 per cent from 4.2 per cent earlier. Recovery continues to remain uneven across countries in terms of both pace as well as sustainability. Fiscal austerity measures being adopted in many advanced economies could potentially dampen the growth impulses in these economies.

Emerging Market Economies are expected to continue the process of normalisation of monetary policy in view of their stronger recovery, emerging inflationary pressures, and risks of asset price build-up. Advanced economies, on the other hand, may further delay monetary exit, due to the emergence of new risks to recovery, as also their well anchored inflation expectations. According to the IMF, while headline inflation in advanced economies could remain subdued at around 1.5 per cent or below, in emerging and developing economies inflation will edge up to more than 6 per cent in 2010.

The IMF assessment suggests that because of the low risk appetite of global investors in general after the euro area developments, capital flows to EMEs may decline initially before recovering again driven by their higher growth prospects and lower public debt. Exchange rates of key currencies have been highly volatile in recent months. While the Chinese Yuan exhibited some appreciation, the euro has depreciated significantly. World trade, though recovering, is yet to revert to the pre-crisis level. Divergent growth and inflation conditions are likely to increase the asymmetry in the stance of monetary and fiscal policies across countries, which in turn could feed into the equity, foreign exchange and commodities markets to accentuate volatility.

(Source: Macroeconomic and Monetary Developments First Quarter Review 2010-11, Reserve Bank of India) Snapshot of the Indian Economy

India, the world’s largest democracy in terms of population (1.2 billion people), had real GDP on a purchasing power parity basis of approximately US $ 3.56 trillion as per the 2009 estimate. This makes it the fifth largest economy by GDP in the world after the European Union, the United States of America, China and Japan. (Source: CIA World Factbook)

After experiencing a distinct moderation in growth to 6.7 per cent in 2008-09, the Indian economy recovered in 2009-10 with a growth of 7.2 per cent (as per Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) advance estimates). Quarterly growth trends during 2009-10 indicate moderation in Q3 after the strong recovery seen in Q2. This moderation in growth resulted primarily from two factors: first, the adverse impact of deficient monsoon on agricultural output getting largely reflected in Q3 data. Second, the impact of high base in Q3 of 2008-09, when ‘community, social and personal services’ had exhibited higher growth reflecting disbursement of Sixth Pay Commission arrears. If the impact of these two factors is netted out, Q3 growth maintains the momentum seen in earlier quarters. The acceleration in industrial growth has been particularly strong since December 2009.

Industrial output, which was affected by the cyclical slowdown and international commodity price shocks in 2007-08 and the global recession in 2008-09, recovered substantially in 2009-10. The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) registered double digit growth during October 2009 to February 2010. The industrial growth was driven by the manufacturing sector, with a weighted contribution of 88.8 per cent, higher than its weight of 79.4 per cent in the IIP.

The headline inflation, which remained at 9.9 per cent in February-March 2010, has emerged as a major policy concern. In the recent weeks, while food inflation is showing signs of slowdown, inflation in fuel and manufactured products is causing more generalized inflationary pressures.

In sum, there is an overall improvement in business sentiments and economic activity, but concerns relating to elevated levels of inflation remain in the near term. It is likely that the growth impulses could further strengthen during 2010-11, and therefore, anchoring inflationary expectations without hurting the growth process continue to be the focus of monetary policy.

(Source: Macro Economic and Monetary developments in 2009-10 issued by the RBI on April 19, 2010) Global Steel Industry

Global crude steel production reached 1220 million ton in 2009, a decline of 8 per cent over 2008. China was the largest crude steel producer in the world with production reaching 567.8 million tons, a growth of 13.5 per cent over 2008. India once again emerged as the fifth largest producer in 2009 and recorded a growth of 2.7 per cent as compared to 2008, the only other country in the top 10 bracket to register a positive growth during 2009. India also emerged as the largest sponge iron producing country in the world in 2009, a rank it has held on since 2002.

The Top Ten Steel Producing countries are listed below:

World Crude Steel Production in 2009*

Rank Country Production (Million Tonnes)

1 China 567.8 2 Japan 87.5 3 Russia 59.9 4 USA 58.1 5 India 56.6 6 South Korea 48.6 7 Germany 32.7 8 Ukraine 29.8 9 Brazil 26.5 10 Turkey 25.3 * Provisional

(Source: Ministry of Steel, GOI, Annual Report 2009-10) Overview of the Indian Steel Industry

Brief History of Indian Steel Industry

At the time of independence in 1947, India had only three steel plants - the Tata Iron & Steel Company, the Indian Iron and Steel Company and Visveswaraya Iron & Steel Ltd and a few electric arc furnace-based plants. The period till 1947 thus witnessed a small but viable steel industry in the country, which operated with a capacity of about 1 million tonne and was completely in the private sector. From the fledgling one million tonne capacity status at the time of independence, India has now risen to be the 5th largest crude steel producer in the world and the largest producer of sponge iron. As per official estimates, the Iron and Steel

Industry contributes around 2 per cent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and its weight in the Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is 6.2 per cent.

Traditionally, Indian steel industry has been classified into Main Producers (SAIL plants, Tata Steel and Vizag Steel / RINL), Major Producers (plants with crude steel making capacity above 0.5 million tonne - Essar Steel, JSW Steel, Jindal Steel & Power and Ispat Industries) and Other Producers. The latter comprises of numerous steel making plants producing crude steel/finished steel (long product/flat product)/ pig iron/ sponge iron and are spread across the different states of the country.

The following table highlights the total as well as the comparative contribution of the private and public sector in crude steel production in the country:

Indian Crude Steel Production (in Million Tonne)

2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10* (Apr-Dec) Public Sector 16.964 17.003 17.091 16.372 12.483 Private Sector 29.496 33.814 36.766 42.065 33.292 Total Production 46.460 50.817 53.857 58.437 45.775 % of Public Sector 36.5 33.5 32 28 27 * Provisional

Steel Industry performance and growth outlook

The National Steel Policy 2005 had projected consumption to grow at 7% based on a GDP growth rate of 7- 7.5% and production of 110 million tonne by 2019-20. These estimates will be largely exceeded and it has been assessed that, on a 'most likely scenario' basis, the crude steel production capacity in the country by the year 2011-12 will be nearly 124 million tonne.

The table below shows the trend in production for sale, import, export and consumption of total finished steel (alloy + non-alloy) in the country:

Year Total Finished Steel (alloy + non-alloy) (‘000 tonne)

Production for Sale Import Export Consumption

2004-05 43513 2293 4705 36377 2005-06 46566 4305 4801 41433 2006-07 52529 4927 5242 46783 2007-08 56075 7029 5077 52125 2008-09 57164 5841 4437 52351 Apr – Dec 2009-10* 43849 5210 2099 40997 Source: JPC * = Provisional

(Source: Ministry of Steel, GOI, Annual Report 2009-10)

India was the fifth largest producer of crude steel in the world in 2009, based on rankings released by World Steel Association. Domestic crude steel production grew at a compounded annual growth rate of 8.6 per cent during 2004- 05 to 2008-09. This growth was driven by both capacity expansion (from 47.99 million tonne in 2004-05 to 66.343 million tonne in 2008-09) and improved capacity utilisation. India, the world's largest producer of direct reduced iron (DRI) or sponge iron, is also expected to maintain its lead in the near future. Sponge iron production grew at a CAGR of 11 per cent to reach a level of 21.09 million tonne in 2008-09 compared to 12.54 million tonne in 2004-05. India is expected to become the second largest producer of steel in the world by 2015-16, provided all requirements for fresh capacity creation are met.

Indian steel industry has just come out of the slowdown that affected its performance during 2008-09. Domestically, 2009 ended on a relatively better and encouraging note, with CSO reporting an overall

improvement of economic situation through its GDP data, which showed a robust 7.9 per cent growth during July-September 2009-10. IIP too had registered a strong 7.6 per cent growth during April November 2009-10, further bolstering the idea that the demand side is back on stable footing. For steel, this is of key importance and the growth rates registered for leading end-use segments like manufacturing, consumer durables, construction, the stable growth of the service sector and agriculture sector spell good news. April-December 2009 provisional data released by JPC indicates a 7.8 per cent rise in consumption of total finished steel. Globally also there are signs of improvement in economic conditions and firming up of demand and prices. SWOT Analysis for the Steel Industry

The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for the Indian Steel Industry have been listed below: Strengths:

- Availability of Iron Ore and Coal - Low Labour Wage Rates

- Abundance of Quality Manpower - Mature Production Base

Weaknesses:

- Unscientific Mining - Low Productivity

- Coking Coal Import Dependence - Low R&D Investments

- High Cost of Debt - Inadequate Infrastructure Opportunities:

- Unexplored Rural Markets - Growing Domestic Demand - Exports

- Consolidation Threats:

- China Becoming Net Exporter - Protectionism in the West - Dumping by Competitors (Source: MTIL Management) Types of Steel

Steel is an iron based mixture containing two or more metallic and/or non metallic elements usually dissolving into each other when molten. Since it is an iron based alloy — as per its end use requirements — other than iron it may contain one or more other elements such as carbon, manganese, silicon, nickel, lead, copper, chromium, etc. For example, stainless steel (a type of steel) mainly contains chromium that is normally more than 10.5 percent with/without nickel or other alloying elements. Steel is produced using Steel Melting Shop that includes converter, open hearth furnace, electric arc furnace and electric induction furnace.

There are broadly two types of steel according to its composition: alloy steel and non-alloy steel. Alloying steel is produced using alloying elements like manganese, silicon, nickel, chromium, etc. Non-alloy steel has no alloying component in it except that are normally present such as carbon. Non-alloy steel is mainly of three types viz. mild steel (contains upto 0.3% carbon), medium steel (contains between 0.3-0.6% carbon) and high

steel (contains more than 0.6% carbon). All types of steel other than mild steel are called special steel. It is mainly because a special care is taken in order to maintain particular level of chemical composition in such steel. This process gives different properties to the steel according to its composition. In India, non-alloying steel constitutes about 95 percent of total finished steel production, and mild steel has large share in it. According to shape/size/form steel is categorized into different types such as liquid steel, ingots, semis (semi- finished steel) and finished steel. Liquid steel is a first product that comes out from Steel Melting Shop. Liquid steel further goes into ingots, and then ingots advance to semis. Semis are called semi-finished steel

products because they are further subject to forging/rolling in order to produce finish steel products such as flat steel products and long steel products. Crude steel generally includes ingots and semis.

According to end use, steel is categorized into structural steels, construction steel, deep drawing Steel, forging quality, rail steel, etc. The following chart depicts various types of steel products according to different categories.

Source: Indian Steel Industry, Final Report: January 2009 by Public Enterprises, Government Policy and Impact on Competition

Steel

Form / Size / Shape Composition End Use

Liquid Steel

Crude Steel

Ingots

Finished Steel Semis

Flat - Products Non – Flat Products

Low Carbon or Mild Steel Stainless Steel Non-Alloy Steel Alloy Steel High Carbon Steel Medium Carbon Steel Silicon – Electrical Steel High Speed Steel Structural Steel Deep Drawing Steel Rail Steel Foreign Quality Steel Construction Steel

Stainless Steel Overview: Features & Benefits

Stainless steel is essentially a low carbon steel which contains chromium at 10% or more by weight. It is this addition of chromium that gives the steel its unique stainless, corrosion resisting properties.

The chromium content of the steel allows the formation of a rough, adherent, invisible, corrosion-resisting chromium oxide film on the steel surface. If damaged mechanically or chemically, this film is self-healing, provided that oxygen, even in very small amounts, is present. The corrosion resistance and other useful properties of the steel are enhanced by increased chromium content and the addition of other elements such as molybdenum, nickel and nitrogen.

Most metals are not used in their pure form but have alloying elements added to change their properties. The addition of a second element such as chromium to iron can significantly alter the corrosion properties. “Stainless Steel” is the general name for a large family of alloys that contain at least 10.5% chromium. At and above this level, an extremely thin surface layer is instantaneously formed (as long as oxygen is present) that prevents the diffusion of oxygen atoms through this layer and protects the iron in the matrix from rusting. This is called “passivation” and the material in the passive condition is highly corrosion resistant. Several other alloying elements can be added to this chrome-iron matrix to form well over 150 different compositions, each with unique characteristics. This family of stainless steels can be divided into five (5) categories:

1. Austenitic Stainless Steels Alloys

The carbon content is generally held to a maximum of 0.08% (302, 309 & 310 have slightly higher levels). Chromium is in the range of 16.0 to 28.0% and nickel between 3.5 & 32.0%. These alloys cannot be hardened by heat treatment and are non-magnetic. They all exhibit excellent corrosion resistance (Molybdenum is added for resistance to chlorides), have great ductility and toughness.

2. Ferritic Stainless Steels Alloys

The carbon levels here are also low, generally below 0.12% (442, 446 are at 0.20). The chromium content can vary from 10.5 to 30.0%. These grades cannot be hardened by heat treatment but they are magnetic. They have good corrosion resistance (particularly to chloride stress corrosion cracking) but are generally not chosen for toughness.

3. Martensitic Stainless Steels Alloys

These grades do have a relatively high carbon level compared to the other categories. Carbon can range from 0.15 to 1.20%. Chromium levels between 11.5 & 18.0%. They can be heat-treated to very high hardness levels. They are also magnetic.

4. Duplex Stainless Steels Alloys

These are a combination of both austenitic and ferritic structures. The carbon levels are very low (below 0.03%). Chromium between 21.0 & 26.0% with nickel from 3.5 to 8.0% and may contain molybdenum up to 4.5% and nitrogen 0.05 to 0.30% These alloys are magnetic, and offer increased tensile and yield strength over the other categories.

5. Precipitation Hardening Steels Alloys

Also low carbon (0.09 max.), they have good corrosion resistance and are characterized by ease of fabrication. High strength can be developed at relatively low temperature (500-800C) so distortions are minimized. Chromium between 12.25 & 18.0%, with nickel 3.0 to 8.5%. Molybdenum, in some grade between 2.0 and 2.5%, with additions of Aluminum, copper, rare earths and nitrogen.

World Stainless Steel Production:

Just under 7.5 mmt of stainless steel was produced during the first quarter of 2010, almost the highest ever volume for the first three months of a year. All areas of the world contributed to the increase in production. The break-up of the same is shown in the following table:

(in ‘000 metric tons)

Region Quarter Q – o – Q

+ / - %

First Quarter Y – o – Y

+ / - %

4th of 2009 1st of 2010 2009 2010

Western Europe / Africa 1807 2070 14.5 1315 2070 57.4

Central & Eastern Europe 62 68 10.4 50 68 37.2

The Americas 465 733 57.5 409 733 79.1

Asia (excluding China) 2130 2165 1.7 1289 2165 68.0

China 2236 2436 8.9 1769 2435 37.7

World Total 6700 7472 11.5 4832 7472 54.6

While impressive, the year-on-year comparison should be reviewed in the light of the following points:

i. Production in the first quarter of 2009 was almost the lowest in a decade due to the effects of the global

recession which was followed by heavy de-stocking.

ii. The global economy began to recover in the second half of 2009 and manufacturing activity in stainless- using industries, such as the automotive sector, started increasing.

iii. After a very strong destocking in 2009, better market conditions may encourage many fabricators and stainless steel stockholders to replenish their stocks.

Source: International Stainless Steel Forum (ISSF), www.worldstainless.org Production of Stainless Steel in India

As shown in the illustration below, the production of stainless steel in India has grown from around 2,50,000 tonnes in 1991-92 to approximately 20,00,000 tonnes in 2008-09 showing a CAGR of around 13% p.a.

(Source:http://www.stainlessindia.org/UploadPdf/20th%20Anniversary%20Special%20Issue%20-SI.pdf)

Stainless steels are iron-based alloys usually containing at least 11.5% chromium. Other elements, nickel being the most Important, may be added in combination with chromium to obtain special properties. Stainless steels are highly resistant to corrosive attack and to oxidation at high temperatures. In general, resistance to corrosion and oxidation increases progressively, though not proportionately, with the increase in chromium content.

Stainless steel pipe and tubing are used for a variety of reasons: to resist corrosion and oxidation, to resist high temperatures, for cleanliness and low maintenance costs, and to maintain the purity of materials which come In contact with stainless steel. The inherent characteristics of stainless steel permit the design of thin wall piping systems without fear of early failure due to corrosion. The use of fusion welding to join such piping eliminates the need for threading.

Type 304 stainless is the most widely used analysis for general corrosive resistant tubing and pipe applications; it is used in chemical plants, refineries, paper mills, and food processing industries. Type 304 has a maximum carbon content of 0.08%. It is not recommended for use in the temperature range between 800°F and 1650°F due to carbide precipitation at the grain boundaries which can result in inter-granular corrosion and early failure under certain conditions.

Type 304L is the same as 304 except that a 0.03% maximum carbon content is maintained which precludes carbon precipitation and permits the use of this analysis in welded assemblies under more severe corrosive conditions. Type 318 is much more resistant to pitting than other chromium nickel alloys due to the addition of 2% to 3% molybdenum. It is particularly valuable wherever acids, brines, sulphur water, seawater or halogen salts are encountered. Type 316 is widely used in the sulphite paper industry and for manufacturing chemical plant apparatus, photographic equipment, and plastics.

Type 316L, like 304L, is held to a maximum carbon content of 0.03%. This permits its use in welded assemblies without the need of final heat treatment. It is used extensively for pipe assemblies with welded