Análisis de genotipos

through the fifteenth centuries, emphasizing light and verticality,

typified by the Cathedral of Notre-dame de Paris; the style was revived in the nineteenth century; 2. literary style generally characterized by dark-ness and gloom. The term was used during the late 1700s and early 1800s to describe a type of popular fiction that revolved around mysterious and supernatural events; the novels were called Gothic because they took place in gloomy castles built in the Gothic style of architecture. The first such novel was The Castle of Otranto (1764) by Horace walpole.

other early gothic novels include The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) and The Italian (1797) by Ann radcliffe;

The Monk (1796) by Matthew G.

Lewis; Melmoth the Wanderer (1820) by Charles Maturin; Frankenstein (1818) by Mary Shelley; and Wuther-ing Heights (1847) by emily Bronte.

governmentality concept developed by michel foucault meaning, essentially, the art of government;

intended to imply that governing is not limited to the political sphere, but reaches out to all spheres, from the cultural to the artistic

gPs [see global Positioning system]

graffiti inscriptions of various kinds scratched, carved, or drawn on a wall, pole, or other public surface.

Graffiti have allowed linguists to re-construct earlier stages of a language, and social scientists to examine the ideologies or lifestyle of certain groups (as has been done to study the graffiti of gangs, teen cliques, etc.).

A Goth at the Wave Gothic Festival, Leipzig, Germany, May 25, 2007

GrAMMAToLoGY grammatology term coined by

Jacques derrida, term referring to the priority of writing over vocal speech in the development and use of language, contrary to what linguists have traditionally maintained. derrida claimed that pictographic language preceded vocalized language and that, to this day, writing has a much more crucial function in human affairs than do other forms of language.

grammy awards honors given an-nually for outstanding achievement in music. The first Grammies (the name is an abbreviation of gramophone) were given in 1958. They are now awarded in dozens of categories, from best com-position to the best musical arrange-ment. web site: www.grammy.com gramophone machine used formerly for playing records, invented in 1887 by emile Berliner, a German immi-grant to the United States

gramsci, antonio (1891–1937) Ital-ian Marxist intellectual and politicItal-ian who is often quoted in media studies because of his notion of hegemony, or domination of the media by those in power in order to subtly influ-ence public opinion in their favor.

His influential Lettere dal carcere (published posthumously in 1947;

published in english as Letters from Prison in 1973) actually outlines a less dogmatic version of communism than that of most Marxists.

grandiloquence form of speech and discourse characterized by pompous

or bombastic diction and mode of delivery

graph 1. in mathematics, diagram representing changes in a variable;

2. unit in writing representing a sound, a syllable, or entire concept graphic art form of visual art relat-ing to methods of reproduction such as printing, engraving, or etching.

The term is used generally in refer-ence to the illustrations found in ad-vertisements, book designs, posters, and the like.

graphic design craft of combining text and illustrations in design (for example, in ad texts, book covers).

writers produce words while pho-tographers and illustrators create images; the graphic designer incorpo-rates these elements into a complete layout.

graphic display computer screen with the capacity to display graphics graphic equalizer device on an elec-tronic playback machine that allows separate adjustments to be made to the sound quality

graphic novel novel developed from

comicbooks, in which cartoon im-ages are interspersed in the written text. An example of a graphic novel is frank Miller’s Batman: The Dark Knight Returns (1986).

graphical user interface [abbreviat-ed as gui] display format that allows

GroSS rATING PoINT a computer user to select commands,

call up files, start programs, and do other tasks by using a mouse to point to icons or lists of menu choices on the screen as opposed to having to type in text commands. The first GUI to be used in a personal computer appeared in Apple Computer’s Lisa, introduced in 1983; its GUI became the basis of Apple’s extremely suc-cessful Macintosh (1984).

graphics 1. pictorial manipulation of data, used in computers, the graphic arts, and so on; 2. pictorial display of information on a computer

graphics interchange format [see gif]

g-rating movie and television clas-sification indicating that the movie or program is suitable for general audiences

grazing act of watching several tele-vision programs simultaneously green light process procedure lead-ing to the decision to make a movie green room small room near a broadcast studio in which program guests wait before they are inter-viewed or where actors can go to rest greenwashing public relations strat-egy of companies to counter the ad-vertising tactics of environmentalists greimas, algirdas Julien (1917–

1992) french semiotician who

amplified the field narratology, the study of narratives of all kinds.

Greimas’s most significant contri-bution in the field is the “semiotic square,” which posits that oPPosi

-tions hold in a square-like fashion rather than in a binary manner. for example, the word tall takes on meaning in contrast to not tall, short, and not short. Thus, the meaning of tall is gleaned from a semiotic square of oppositions.

gripe site web site providing an op-portunity for users to counter or chal-lenge another person or an institution gross audience compilation of all the audiences studied for an advertising campaign or media experiment. The gross audience may actually include duplicated audience members.

gross cover number of times a radio or television commercial has been seen or heard

gross rating point method of deter-mining the effectiveness of outdoor advertising, with 1 percent of a sample group represented by a point in a statistical method of analysis

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GroSSBerG, LAwreNCe grossberg, Lawrence (1947–)

American cultural theorist who has sought to show how audiences be-come attached to certain performers, texts, or programs. His most influen-tial book is We Gotta Get Out of This Place (1992), in which he contends that rock culture, once considered deviant and aberrant, has become part of conservative culture.

ground entire or connecting surface of a scene in a movie shoot

group in web talk, network of online individuals who share a common interest

group system method of organizing an advertising agency into groups, each with its own area of specialized expertise (marketing, ad creation) grunge style of rock music made famous by the late musician Kurt Cobain, derived from punk rock, and characterized especially by anguished lyrics; also used to describe the style of clothing worn by followers of

grunge, consisting of torn jeans and flannel shirts

guerrilla marketing marketing that uses nontraditional media and strate-gies to promote products or services gui [see graphical user interface]

guide publication that lists program-ming (radio or television) times and typically describes the content of each program listed

gutenberg galaxy [after Johannes Gutenberg (c. 1390–1468), a German printer] term coined by marshall

mcluhan to refer to the world that resulted from the availability of cheap books and the spread of litera-cy as a consequence of the invention of print technology.

gutter press generic term to describe tabloid newspapers

gynocriticism in feministtheory, study of the writings produced by women and how they convey the

“female experience”

LAST ITeM habermas, Jürgen (1929–)

German philosopher who sees art as the force of change in cultural systems.

Habermas is widely known for his critiques of the

ten-dency of western capitalist democra-cies to evaluate social progress in terms of economic efficiency. His major works include Theorie und Praxis (1963; Theory and Practice, 1973), Erkenntis und Interesse (1968;

Knowledge and Human Interests, 1971), Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns (1981; A Theory of Com-municative Action, 1984), and Der philosophische Diskurs der Moderne (1985; The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity, 1987).

habitus [term coined by Marcel Mauss and later used by Pierre

bourdieu] the ways in which soci-ety’s dominant classes talk, act, and behave. Noting that success in society depends largely on the individual’s ability to absorb the habitus of the dominant class, Bourdieu suggested that it is similar to, but more funda-mental than, knowing a language.

hacker 1. individual who uses his