Análisis de la industria cementera a nivel internacional

The central government forms the basis of the stakeholders responsible for planning, financing and carrying out public urban infrastructure projects, but this has proved to be a heavy responsibility for the state government (Makana Municipality, 2013:29). Therefore, initiatives have been discussed to involve other stakeholders, including civil society and private corporations, to ensure that citizens are provided with adequate urban facilities and services.

3.2.2.1 The Central Government

WaterAid India (2005:11) describes the government as the most fundamental stakeholder in financing public urban infrastructure facilities and services, especially Water and Sanitation Infrastructure. However, the central government has been struggling to finance urban projects over the years, leaving various communities in rural areas without healthy water or sanitation.

Furthermore, individuals in various regions have contracted diseases like malaria and diarrhoea as a result of contaminated water being transported to those areas.

The government of India has attempted to provide ways to counteract the problem of inadequate funds to build, maintain and renew Water and Sanitation Infrastructure but has failed. As a result, the government has considered withdrawing from its duties to provide communities with adequate and healthy water and sanitation, especially in rural India. The idea is to let development agencies take the role of providing Water and Sanitation (WATSAN) while the government retains the role of facilitating and managing the entire process (WaterAid India, 2005:11). Furthermore, ICRA Management Consulting Service Limited (2015:8) alludes to the fact that the Indian government has drafted a policy that will ensure that every Indian citizen receives adequate sanitation, be it drinking water or removal of waste. The National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) established by the Ministry of Urban Development promises to encourage good public health and availability of sanitation facilities for various individuals, especially the poor and women. The policy has given birth

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to a City Sanitation Plan (CSP), which details short and medium-term plans of the state government (KPMG, 2010:15) to improve the Water and Sanitation Department.

WaterAid India (2005:12) explains that, improving the quality, regularity and reliability of statistics of Water and Sanitation (WATSAN) Infrastructure across India will re-establish the need for adequate and healthy drinking water. In addition, it will renew the focus of all other stakeholders involved, in terms of the infrastructure required, and what plans are in place to meet the demand of the ever-growing population in India. This requires consistency in the estimation departments (Census and Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation), paying attention to “water quality, access and affordability of Water and Sanitation Infrastructure”

and public spending. Attention to these issues, will also be key to the central government’s ensuring that citizens are well looked after. Of course, this can also be a success with help from civil society, the private sector and recognised Non-Governmental Organisations (NGO’s).

3.2.2.2 Para-state agencies

The Indian government has developed parastatal agencies to run and manage water and sanitation programmes to ensure that different communities receive adequate and healthy drinking water and operating sewage systems (OECD, 2015:14). However, the number of these agencies has grown over the years, which leaves the government with less power as the main regulator. Thus, sector reforms by state have been considered to downsize the number of agencies available. The downsize occurs in order to retain power within the state to regulate and manage all Water and Sanitation programmes developed according to WaterAid India (2005:11).

In addition, ICRA Management Consulting Service Limited (2015:8) claims that the Indian government established a Service Level Benchmarking to identify which areas are most in need of service delivery across India and to identify a set of performance parameters. The Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) carried out this initiative. The Service Level Benchmarking mainly focuses on water and sanitation, storm water drainage and solid waste management. ICRA Management Consulting Service Limited (2015:7) further asserts that the Indian government’s capital expenditure sources, along with other external sources, have managed to expand the sewage systems of various cities across India, especially with the aid of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) which was developed in 2005 (Burra, 2014). However, the state initiative of establishing JnNURM to fund public

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urban infrastructure facilities and services in areas such as Tamil Nadu and Tirunelveli’s has not been fully developed to fund the operation and maintenance of such urban facilities and services. Therefore, the state government has resorted to taxes, user charges and loans to operate maintain and renew the public urban infrastructure facilities and services (KPMG, 2010:12).

Maharashtra and Gujarat initiated campaigns in water supply and sanitation to improve the inadequate supply of water and sanitation across the two regions, Sujal Nirmal, Maharashtra, Abhiyan and Nirmal, Gujarat. These campaigns were developed to treat defecation areas, supply healthy drinking water and provide wastewater and solid management. Tamil Nadu was amongst the first states to “develop an institutional mechanism to provide access to loans on a non-guarantee mode to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). The Development of the Tamil Nadu Urban Development Fund (TNUDF) enables communities to have access to clean drinking water as well as operational and maintained sewage systems in a financially viable manner (KPMG, 2010:11).

3.2.2.3 Private investment in water and sanitation sector

The inclusion of private investment has been limited in funding public urban infrastructure projects, especially Water and Sanitation Infrastructure as a result of long payback periods, high inherent risk and unpredictable profitability of the construction sector (Peterson and Annez, 2007:120). Incentives to promote the involvement of the private sector should be developed and implemented to ensure an adequate supply of drinking water and first-degree sanitation (OECD, 2007:19).

3.2.2.4 Communities

WaterAid India (2005:16) continues to state that sector reforms under WATSAN are changing the way Water and Sanitation is delivered and funded in India. The inclusion of the community will be significant concerning the technology behind producing water to various communities across India. ICRA Management Consulting Service Limited (2015:2) also encourages the involvement of communities in forecasting, funding and managing the much needed public urban infrastructure facilities and services to ensure economic prosperity.

Furthermore, the issue of Water and Sanitation is best addressed by the societies who experience it.

Initiatives such as the Tiruchirappalli Municipal Corporation (TMC) have been developed to ensure that small-scale entities acquire local ownership of WATSAN initiatives, and that they

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stay in line with producing healthy drinking water to various areas across each municipality (OECD, 2007:30). Furthermore, areas like Waghala have also established Nanded-Waghala Municipal Corporation (NWMC) to assist Community-led Total Sanitation (CLTS) projects, as a result of poor WATSAN Infrastructure and individuals living near open defecation areas. The initiative has had a progressive effect on societies across Nanded-Waghala (ICRA Management Consulting Service Limited, 2015:2).