Análisis de los Modelos de Gestión del Conocimiento

Population for 1920 comes from Maddison. Populations for 1950, 1963, 1973, 1980, 1990 come from Mam Table A2 p. 12. Population for 1980 is interpolated using 1973 and 1990 values. Population for 2000 comes fromTime Almanac 2001. Population for 2010 comes fromWikipedia.

The age distributions of the population for 1950, 1963, 1973, 1980 and 1990 come from Mam Table A2 p. 12. We assumed the age distributions for 1927, 1930 and 1940 were identical to the age distribution in 1950. The age distribution for Costa Rica for 1980 is interpolated from the 1973 and 1990 values. Age distributions for Costa Rica 2000 and 2010 come from the Demographic Yearbook. For 2010 we adjusted the 2013 age distribution. We adjust by assuming the same share by age category as in 2013.

Labor force figures for 1951, 1963, 1973, 1980 and 1990 come from Mam Table B1 p. 102. Labor force data for 1980, 1990 are interpolations from 1973, 1984 and 1993. Labor force data for 2000 and 2010 come from WDR. For 1892, 1900, 1910, 1920, 1930 and 1940 we used the following procedure. We used Banks for the rural and urban shares of the population up to 1950. We usedWDI for urban shares for 1960-2010. We assumed a rural 15-64 labor force participation rate of 64% for 1892-1963, 62.8% for 1973, 64% for 1980-2010. We assumed an urban 15-64 labor force participation rate of 59% for 1892-1951, 53% for 1963, 50% for 1973, 62% for 1980, 1990, 63.8% for 2000 and 58.45% for 2010. We constructed the ratio of this labor force to that from Mam and WDR. The root mean ratio for overlapping years 1951-2010 is 1.000. The 1941 and 1963 ratios are .997, 1.001, respectively. The range of the ratios is .997 to 1.001.

Real output come from Maddison. Physical capital investment rates come from the intraperiod average nominal gross capital formation and nominal income for 1950-1965, average gross real capital formation and real income for 1966-1998 from Mam Table J1, p. 767 andWDR (various years). For 2010 we used the average investment rate for 2000-2009 from S & H. TheWDI provides sectoral output shares for 1990, 2000 and 2010. We used Sabillon (2005) information on farming, manufacturing and aggregate growth rates to construct sectoral output shares to produce sectoral output shares for 1920-1980. We used the US 1920-1940 capital - sectoral output ratios to produce our 1920-1940 capital values. We used Nehru and Dhareshwar (1993) for capital values for 1951-1990. We used perpetual inventory for years 2000 and 2010. Enrollments in primary and secondary school from 1890-1993 come from Mam Table J1 pp. 719, 721,

725 and 730. To calculate enrollment rates, we assumed 6-11 are primary school age and 12-17 are secondary school age. Higher education enrollments for 1951-1993 are from Mam Table I2 pp. 752 and 754. For 1920 we assumed a higher education enrollment rate of 1% compared to the 1% rate in 1950. These produce 1920 education shares of 49 percent exposed, 47.5 percent primary exposed, 1 percent secondary exposed and 1 percent higher education exposed. Morrison & Murtin report 49 percent exposed, 47.4 percent primary exposed, 0 percent secondary exposed and 1.1 percent higher education exposed. We interpolated between these for our 1930 and 1940 values. For 2010 we used HDR. We interpolated enrollment rates for 1900, 1910, 1930, 1940 and 2000. Our 1890-1930 time series of schooling in the labor force is: 1.50 (1892), 1.54 (1900) 1.71 (1910), 1.55 (1920), 2.33 (1930). The Morrisson & Murtin time series of schooling for this period is: 1.52 (1890), 1.69 (1900), 2.01 (1910), 2.13 (1920) 2.38 (1930).

9.10

Cuba (1800-2010)

Populations for 1800 and 1850 come from McEvedy and Jones. For 1810, 1820, 1830, 1840, 1860, 1870, 1880 and 1890 we interpolated. Populations for 1900, 1910, 1920, 1930, 1940, 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980 and 1990 come from Maddison. Population for 2000 comes from Time Almanac 2001. Population for 2010 comes fromWikipedia.

The age distributions of the population for 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980 and 1990 come from KF. We assumed the age distributions for years prior to 1950 are identical to the age distribution in 1950. Age distributions for Cuba 2000 and 2010 come from theDemographic Yearbook. For 2000 we adjusted the 2002 age distribution, and for 2010 we adjusted the 2013 age distribution. We adjust by assuming the same share by age category as in the reference year.

Labor force figures for 1920 and 1940 come from Mitchell. We interpolated between these years to get an estimate of labor force for 1930. The labor force figures for 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990 come fromWDI. We interpolated between 1940 and 1960 labor force to get an estimate for 1950. For 1820, 1830, 1850 and 1860 we used the 1817, 1827, 1846 and 1862 population figures for slaves and non slave population of Cuba from Lamounier, Table 7. We assumed 100% labor force participation for slaves, and after deducting the Cuban population 65 and older, as well as the relative population of 0-4 males and females, we assumed a 50% labor force participation rate of this age cohort. We adjusted these numbers by the relative population figures between the years of Lamounier and our population figures. We interpolated for 1840, 1870, 1880, 1890, 1900, 1910. Labor force data for 2000 and 2010 come from WDR. For 1800 and 1810 we used the following procedure. We used Clio infra for 1800, 1850, 1900 and 1950 urbanization rates, and WDI for 1960-2010. We interpolated between 1800 and 1850 for 1820-1840 values, and interpolated between 1850 and 1900 for 1860-1890 values, and interpolated between 1900 and 1950 for 1910-1940 values. We assumed rural 15-64 labor force participation rates of 102.85% for 1800-1820, 105.85% for 1830, 102.2% for 1840, 98.5% for 1850, 93.9% for 1860, 93% for 1870, 92% for 1880, 91.1% for 1890, 90.25% for 1900, 73.35% for 1910, 64.55% for 1920, 64.31% for 1930, 63.55% for 1940, 59.95% for 1950, 69.85% for 1960, 64.6% for 1970, 84% for 1980, 83.65% for 1990, 88.3% for 2000, 90% for 2010. We assumed urban 15-64 labor force participation rates of 102.85% for 1800-1820, 105.85% for 1830, 102.2% for 1840, 98.5% for 1850, 93.9% for 1860, 93% for 1870, 92% for 1880, 91.1% for 1890, 90.25% for 1900, 50% for 1910-2000, 59.05% for 2010. We constructed the ratio of this labor force to that from WDR. The root mean ratio for the overlapping years 1820-2010 is 1.000. The 1820 and 1830 ratios are 1.000 and 1.001, respectively. The range of the ratios is 1.000 to 1.001.

Real output come from Maddison, except for 2010. For 2010 we used the 2008 Maddison value and applied the real per capita income growth rates fromWDR 2011 andWDR 2012. Physical capital invest- ment rates come the intraperiod average gross real capital formation and real income for 1960-2010 come from Mitchell (through 1979) and S & H (1980 onward). The WDI provides sectoral output shares for 1970-2010. We used Sabillon (2005) information on farming, manufacturing and aggregate growth rates to produce sectoral output shares for 1800-1960. We applied the US 1850-1950 capital - sectoral output ratios, applying the 1850 values for 1800-1840, to produce capital values for 1800-1950. We used perpetual inventory for 1960-2010.

For primary enrollment rates 1880-1940 Benavot and Riddle. For secondary enrollment rates in 1930 and 1940 we used Astorga, et al. The 1880 primary enrollment rate datum is 9.7%. The secondary enrollment rate datum for 1930 is 1%. The higher education enrollment rates for 1930 and 1940 are .5%. For all secondary enrollment rates 1800-1920 we assumed 1%. For all primary enrollment rates for 1800-1870 we assumed 9%. For all higher education enrollment rates 1800-1920 we assumed .1%. For 1950 we used Mitchell. Enrollment rates come from WDR for 1960, 1970, 1980, and 1990 come fromWDI. For 2000 we used UNESCOUIS Global Database. For 2010 we used WDR. To calculate enrollment rates, we assumed 6-10 are primary school age and 11-16 are secondary school age. Our time series of schooling in the labor force for 1870-1920 is: .65 (1870), .93 (1880), 1.25 (1890), 1.65 (1900), 1.94 (1910) and 2.33 (1920). The Morrisson & Murtin time series for schooling is: .83 (1870), .94 (1880), 1.04 (1890), 1.22 (1900), 1.51 (1910) and 2.08 (1920).