ANÁLISIS DE PROGRESIVIDAD

What was a typical week like for a serf? (Serfs worked three days a week

for their lord. The rest of the week, they grew food for themselves. They had to grow enough food to give their lord a portion and still keep some for themselves.)

II. Life in Feudal Europe (pages 526–528)

A. Knights followed rules called the code of chivalry. The code required knights to be brave, obey their lords, show respect to women of noble birth, and honor and help the church.

B. Wives and daughters ran manors when the noblemen went to war. C. A castle was the center of the manor. Castles had two parts: a human-

made or naturally steep hill called a motte, with an open space called a bailey next to the motte. The central building of the castle, called the keep, was built on the motte.

D. The castle keep contained a basement, kitchens, stables, a great hall, chapels, toilets, and bedrooms.

E. Peasants lived in simple cottages with walls of plastered clay and thatched roofs. Cottages of poor peasants had one room; better cottages had separate rooms for cooking and sleeping.

F. Peasants worked hard in the fields year-round. They did not work on Catholic feast days, about 50 days a year.

G. Peasant women had to work the fields and raise children. H. Bread was a basic staple of the peasant diet. Peasants also ate

vegetables, milk, nuts, and fruit.

How were castles protected from enemies? (Castles were built on hills

to make access more difficult, and the archers in the towers were better able to see approaching enemies from the hilltop. Stone walls circled the castle, and in the later Middle Ages, those walls were made thicker and had more towers.)

III. Trade and Cities (pages 528–531)

A. After the collapse of the Roman Empire, almost all trade ended. Most people did not leave their tiny villages.

B. Feudalism and technology helped promote trade. Increased trade made towns larger, and several cities, such as Venice in Italy and towns in Flanders, which is today a part of Belgium, became wealthy. Northern European merchants traded with Asian merchants in trade fairs.

C. In the early Middle Ages, people bartered, but later, people began using money again.

D. Often, towns were under the control of the lords. In exchange for taxes, the lords granted townspeople basic rights, such as the freedom to buy and sell property and to serve in the army. E. Eventually, towns set up their own governments, with elected

members of city councils. Members of wealthy families were usually able to control elections.

F. Guilds,or business groups, were established by craftspeople. Guilds set standards for quality in products, determined how many products would be sold, set prices for products, and decided who could enter a trade.

G. A child of 10 could become an apprentice. Apprentices learned a trade from a master craftsperson. An apprentice eventually became a journeyman and then a master.

H. Medieval cities contained crowded, wooden houses on narrow, winding streets. Cities were dirty and smelled, and pollution filled the sky and contaminated water.

I. Women in cities prepared meals, raised their children, and managed their household’s money. They often helped their husbands with their trades, and some women practiced their own trades.

What freedoms did the women of medieval cities have? (City women

could be independent. They could practice their husband’s trade, inherit his trade when he died, or practice their own trade. They were also in charge of their household’s money.)

I. England in the Middle Ages (pages 535–537)

A. Alfred the Great united the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms and drove the Viking invaders out. This kingdom became “Angleland,” or England. B. Normandy was an area in western France, across the English

Channel from England. Normandy was ruled by William, a cousin of King Edward of England. When Edward died, William invaded England. He defeated the English and became king. He was known as William the Conquerer.

C. William ordered a census called the Domesday Book. It counted people, manors, and animals in England.

D. The Normans brought their northern French customs to England and eventually the customs of the two cultures merged.

E. Henry II was a powerful ruler of England who created the jury system to address arguments over land. The grand jury decided whether people should be accused of a crime. The trial jury decided whether an accused person was guilty or innocent.

F. King John,Henry’s son and successor, angered many royals by raising taxes and punishing people without trials.

G. The nobles met with King John and forced him to sign the Magna Carta, or Great Charter. The Magna Carta took away some of the king’s powers and helped establish people’s rights and limited government.

D

L

D

N

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Ukraine gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, and Kiev became Ukraine’s capital city. Today, Kiev is home to more than two million people.