Análisis de Resultados

sat at table of the proceeding against Monsieur de Vervins, who was sentenced to death for having surrendered Boulogne to the English,—[To Henry VIII, in 1544]—openly maintaining that a soldier could not justly be put to death for want of courage. And, in truth, ’tis reason that a man should make a great diff erence betwixt faults that merely proceed from infi rmity, and those that are visibly the eff ects of treachery and malice: for, in the last, we act against the rules of reason that nature has imprinted in us; whereas, in the former, it seems as if we might produce the same nature, who left us in such a state of imperfection and weakness of courage, for our justifi cation. Insomuch that many have thought we are not fairly questionable for anything but what we commit against our conscience; and it is partly upon this rule that those ground their opinion who disapprove of capital or sanguinary punishments infl icted upon heretics and misbelievers; and theirs also who advocate or a judge is not accountable for having from mere ignorance failed in his administration.

But as to cowardice, it is certain that the most usual way of chastising it is by ignominy and it is supposed that this practice brought into use by the legislator Charondas; and that, before his time, the laws of Greece punished those with death who fl ed from a battle; whereas he ordained only that they be for three days exposed in the public dressed in woman’s attire, hoping yet for some service from them, having awakened their courage by this open shame:

“Suff undere malis homims sanguinem, quam eff undere.”

[“Rather bring the blood into a man’s cheek than let it out of his body.” Tertullian in his Apologetics.]

It appears also that the Roman laws did anciently punish those with death who had run away; for Ammianus Marcellinus says that the Emperor Julian commanded ten of his soldiers, who had turned their backs in an encounter against the Parthians, to be fi rst degraded, and afterward put to death, according, says he, to the ancient laws,—[Ammianus Marcellinus, xxiv. 4; xxv. i.]—and yet elsewhere for the like off ence he only condemned others to remain amongst the prisoners under the bag- gage ensign. Th e severe punishment the people of Rome infl icted upon those who fl ed from the battle of Cannae, and those who ran away with Aeneius Fulvius at his defeat, did not extend to death. And yet, methinks, ’tis to be feared, lest disgrace should make such delinquents desperate, and not only faint friends, but enemies.

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45 Of late memory,—[In 1523]—the Seigneur de Frauget, lieutenant to the Mareschal de Chatillon’s company, having by the Mareschal de Chabannes been put in government of Fuentarabia in the place of Monsieur de Lude, and having surrendered it to the Spaniard, he was for that condemned to be degraded from all nobility, and both himself and his posterity declared ignoble, taxable, and for ever incapable of bearing arms, which severe sentence was afterwards accordingly executed at Lyons.—[In 1536]—And, since that, all the gentlemen who were in Guise when the Count of Nassau entered into it, underwent the same punishment, as several others have done since for the like off ence. Notwithstanding, in case of such a manifest ignorance or cowardice as exceeds all ordinary example, ’tis but reason to take it for a suffi cient proof of treachery and malice, and for such to be punished.

191. Th e primary mode of composition of the fi rst paragraph is: (A) narration

(B) description (C) defi nition (D) classifi cation (E) cause and eff ect

192. In context, the word “questionable” in line 11 most nearly means: (A) of doubtful integrity

(B) uncertain (C) debatable (D) diffi cult to decide

(E) capable of being inquired of

193. According to the fi rst paragraph, cowardice is: (A) just cause for capital punishment (B) a product of frailty

(C) a product of ill will (D) against nature (E) against our conscience

194. In response to the claim of the prince mentioned in the fi rst sentence, “that a soldier could not justly be put to death for want of courage,” the writer:

(A) agrees (B) disagrees (C) qualifi es

(D) refutes with counterargument (E) supports with examples

195. Th e rhetorical function of the sentence “And, in truth, ’tis reason that a man should make a great diff erence betwixt faults that merely proceed from infi rmity, and those that are visibly the eff ects of treachery and malice: for, in the last, we act against the rules of reason that nature has imprinted in us; whereas, in the former, it seems as if we might produce the same nature, who left us in such a state of imperfection and weakness of courage, for our justifi cation” is to:

(A) acknowledge the validity of one of the claims of the counterargument (B) put into words the unspoken assumption shared by the writer and his

audience

(C) provide evidence to support the major claim of the passage

(D) qualify the original claim of the passage so that the audience will be persuaded

(E) establish the credibility of the writer as an expert on the subject

196. Th e use of brackets in the passage do all of the following except: (A) provide more information than given in the body of the passage (B) provide citations for the material in the passage

(C) provide translations of material presented in Latin (D) provide dates for when the examples occurred

(E) provide personal commentary on the historical information given

197. Th e quote in the passage, “Rather bring the blood into a man’s cheek than let it out of his body,” is an aphorism meaning:

(A) it is better to shame a man than kill him

(B) it is better to momentarily harm a man than kill him (C) it is better to injure a man’s face than his body (D) it is preferable to be shamed rather than killed

(E) it is preferable to be harmed momentarily rather than be killed

198. In the sentence “And yet, methinks, ’tis to be feared, lest disgrace should make such delinquents desperate, and not only faint friends, but enemies,” the pronoun “it,” in the contraction “’tis,” refers to:

(A) the like off ence (B) severe punishment (C) the battle of Cannae (D) death

199. Th e passage appeals to: I. ethos II. logos III. pathos (A) I (B) II (C) III (D) I and II (E) I, II, and III

200. Th e tone for the majority of the passage can best be described as: (A) incredulous

(B) ambivalent (C) objective (D) exasperated (E) relieved

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