CAPÍTULO 5: PLAN FINANCIERO
5.7 Análisis de Sensibilidad
Adequate water supply is essential for environmental sustainability and quality of life. Access to clean water reduces morbidity and mortality, and improves the productive abilities of the poor.
Water scarcity characterizes African cities. Although official statistics reveal that 89 per cent of the urban population in Africa is now enjoying improved water supply, a large majority of Sub-Saharan African cities experience regular water shortages. The UN-Habitat survey shows that 11 of the 14 African cities (79 per cent) under review are associated with serious such problems. Experts concur that worst affected are Ibadan and Dar es Salaam, closely followed by Accra, Addis Ababa, Luanda,
Lusaka, Lagos and Nairobi, which suffer continuous water shortages. Despite 78 to 98 per cent of households in four of these cities – Accra, Lagos, Nairobi and Lusaka – benefiting from improved access to water, most experts also mention them as experiencing severe water shortages. Interestingly, despite its semi-arid climate and its location in a water-scarce country, Gaborone is where shortages are least severe, suggesting good water governance.
The water shortage pattern is more mixed in Asian cities: half of the cities in the UN-Habitat survey experience water shortages. Those with the more severe shortages are Cebu, Davao, Bangalore, Lahore, and Hyderabad. In Bangalore, water is supplied once in 46 hours for a period of 2–3 hours.5 This trend had been observed by one analyst who noted that: “no South Asian city can supply water
Infrastructure coverage by region
25 5 15 20 10 5 15 10 0 100 per cent
per 100 inhabitants per 100 inhabitants per 100 inhabitants per 100 inhabitants
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 40 35 30 25 20 0 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
fixed telephone lines mobile cellular subscriptions internet users broadband (fixed) subscriptionsper
Africa Asia LAC
Developing countries
World Africa Asia LAC
Developing countries
World Africa Asia LAC
Developing countries
World Africa Asia LAC
Developing countries World Africa Asia LAC
Developing countries
World Africa Asia LAC
Developing countries
World Africa Asia LAC
Developing countries
World Africa Asia LAC
Developing countries World
percentage of urban population
with improved water percentage of urban population with improved sanitation percentage of urban population with electricity paved roads as a percentage of total
Source: WHO/UNICEF (2010); International Energy Agency (2010); International Road Federation (2009); ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators
Database (2010)
24/7 to its residents”.6 On the other hand, water scarcity is unknown in Singapore, according to all local respondents to the survey. Other cities where water shortages are perceived to be relatively insignificant include Chongqing, Gaziantep, Kuwait City and Shenzhen.
Water shortages vary a lot in Latin American cities: The UN-Habitat survey revealed that eight of the 15 cities under review in this region were found to have serious water shortages, including Havana, Panama City, Guarenas (Venezuela), Lima, Ciudad del Este (Paraguay) and Guadalajara. Cities with moderate water scarcity are Tijuana, La Paz and Valparaíso. Those cities without perceived water shortages are Medellín, Fort de France (French Antilles) and Montevideo.
Differences in shortages across cities reflect local conditions and the state of water management. In 2011, Havana experienced its worst water shortage since 1961 due to the effects of drought and depletion of fresh supplies as well as a deteriorated network (70 per cent in poor condition).7 In contrast, regular supplies in Medellín reflect sound management by Empresas Públicas de
Medellín (EPM), one of the most successful public utility
companies in Latin America. In 2009, EPM launched the Water Programme Litros de Amor to provide free-of- charge water (a daily 25 litres per head) to economically poor households.8
Limited water shortages in Arab State cities: Despite their typical location in hyper-arid regions, Arab state cities generally do not suffer from severe water shortages. However, according to local experts, three of the surveyed cities are finding water supply a major challenge: Amman, Basra and Saida (Lebanon). In Amman, the situation is quite critical with supplies only once or twice a week.9
In Basra, the supply falls short of around 33 per cent of the needs of the population.10 Residents often complain about quality (taste, smell and colour).11 Arab cities deemed to be meeting their water needs include Aqaba, Doha, Al-Muharrak (Bahrain), Dubai and Erbil.
There are remarkable inter-city differences in experts’ perceptions
FACT
The success of Singapore in meeting local water demandis down to effective water governance. The specialized agency has developed a long-term strategy known as the Four National Taps to ensure a robust and sustainable supply of water. The strategy entails using water from different water sources: water catchment, recycled water, desalinated water and imported water.
FACT
Many Arab cities are able to meet their waterrequirements because of the high political priority
given to the provision of this public good.12 City authorities have
improved water security through increased supplies, demand
management, conservation and desalination.13
POLICy
Citiesauthorities need to systematically maintain their stock of infrastructure to ensure that the benefits of infrastructure are fully capitalized. It is in their interest to improve coordination with the different levels of government in the design, provision and maintenance of infrastructure.
Saudi Arabia: an old water tower, a well-known feature in the city of Riyadh.
regarding the coverage and quality of urban infrastructure. These differences are discussed below with respect to water, roads and ICTs.