4.7 Desarrollo de la propuesta
4.7.8 Análisis del mercado
1) “Passthrough” transactions. These are transactions that transfer risk in a pattern different from the typical tranching of risk. In passthrough structures, all of the securities issued rank 'pari passu' (each holder is in the same position as if he held a proportional part of the underlying pool). They do not transfer different levels of risk to different investors, but simply 'pass through' some level of risk to all investors, and thus could be seen as a form of syndication rather than a securitisation. Examples of this type of transaction are US MBS structures and some covered bond structures. In some cases, the structure comes with a guarantee or other form of credit enhancement (e.g. over collateralisation) provided by the originator or by an agency that covers the first loss. Market participants view these transactions as securitisations. They fall under the regulatory securitisation treatment if their structure includes a firstloss position tranche or credit enhancement (guarantee, overcollateralisation etc) in addition to the bonds. In that case, the requirement that a securitisation include at least two tranches is satisfied. However, if there is no firstloss position, then the transaction does not fall under the securitisation framework for regulatory purposes.
2) Covered bonds. According to the current exposure class definitions, covered bonds, within the meaning of Annex VI, Part 1, Paragraph 65 of the CRD, do not qualify as securitisations for regulatory purposes, because they do not include at least two different levels of risk, and because they are recourse obligations issued by a institution and not by a bankruptcyremote SPE. However, the funding purpose served by covered bonds may be similar to that of traditional securitisation, and, to a lesser extent, of synthetic securitisation, although their regulatory treatment is quite different. The difference in regulatory treatment could induce institutions to look for arbitrage opportunities. In some countries, securitisation positions and covered bonds are interlinked. For example, covered bonds collateralised by mortgage loans have been securitised, issued by the institutions, and bought by an instrumental firm that sells them to an SPV. The SPV issues two series of bonds (usually AAA and A). The structure also benefits from subordinated loans, usually from the institutions that originally held the mortgage loans. Institutions use this structure as a way of obtaining funding at lower cost than pure covered bonds, since it receives higher ratings. Such structures fall within the definition of securitisation, since there are at least two tranches of risk. 3) Tranched cover. This transaction provides partial protection to a loan.
The institution buys funded protection (CreditLinked Notes) or unfunded protection (guarantees or CreditDefault Swaps) to cover only part of the risk of a loan, but the protected and unprotected parts do not have the same seniority. Such transactions must be treated under securitisation rules since they create two different tranches of risk. In contrast, if the protected and unprotected parts have equal seniority, CRM rules for
partial cover must be applied. In the case of maximumvalue guarantees, if the borrower’s overall exposure to the institution exceeds the value of the guarantee, boundary issues could arise if the guarantee is drawn after workout.
4) Specialised lending (SL). The need for particular attention to the boundary between securitisation and SL (specifically, Project Finance and IncomeProducing Real Estate) arises from the fact that the scope of application of the securitisation treatment does not depend on more than one underlying credit risk exposure being subject to a tranched transfer of credit risk. Seniorsubordinate financing structures are common in some parts of the specialised lending business, with the senior subordinate structure not necessarily limited to the priority of claims on liquidation proceeds upon default of the borrowing entity, but also encompassing contractual clauses on the deferral of payments to the creditor of the subordinated loan. Furthermore, it is quite common to vest the subordinate creditor with the right to initiate and control liquidation procedures or to require the senior loan creditor to assign the senior loan to the subordinated loan creditor.
The supervisory rationale for providing a separate treatment for securitisation exposures was to preclude institutions using ownestimates of asset correlations at this time for regulatory purposes. From a risk assessment and management perspective, an institution involved in a seniorsubordinate SL financing may well be able to determine a borrower’s PD and a facility’s LGD (taking into account the claim of any more senior creditors on liquidation proceeds) without estimating asset correlations internally. A possible criterion could be: if the tranched instruments themselves generate the 'underlying' payment obligation of the counterparty, the entire transaction in which these tranched instruments are used is to be treated as nonsecuritisation; if the credit risk of an already existing payment obligation is transferred through tranched instruments, the entire transaction in which these tranched instruments are used is to be treated as securitisation.
This assessment has to be made on a singletransaction basis. For example, assume Bank A and Bank B jointly provide financing to a project SPV through a senior loan (creditor: Bank A) and a junior loan (creditor: Bank B). As the tranched instruments (senior and junior loans) themselves generate the borrower’s payment obligation, the entire transaction, and thus both the senior loan and the junior loan, are treated as nonsecuritisation, i.e as SL or corporate exposures. If Bank A (senior loan creditor) were now to split the senior loan’s credit risk by transferring it through tranched instruments (e.g. 'single CMBS'), this second transaction would be treated as a securitisation. If Bank A (the senior loan creditor and originator with respect to the securitisation transaction) uses the IRB approach for the senior loan borrowers, it would be able to estimate PD and LGD/CF (if authorised to use own estimates of LGD/CF for that exposure class), or utilise the SLsimple risk weight, if applicable, for its exposure in the form of the senior loan. If Bank A retained any of the tranches created in the second transaction, it would have to calculate riskweighted exposure amounts for these
retained securitisation positions according to the securitisation framework, provided that it decided to take the second transaction into account as risk reducing for regulatory purposes, and provided further that the second transaction complied with the minimum criteria for effective and significant risk transfer for traditional or synthetic (as the case may be) securitisations.
Project Finance can include credit enhancements that in many cases can be considered to be tranched. The situation may be similar in Income Producing Real Estate, where the transaction can be done via an SPV or a REITlike structure. This raises the issue of whether all tranched transactions should be treated within the securitisation framework, or should some cases be treated under SL. The crucial difference between the two frameworks is that in SL, the investor is expected to have a substantial degree of control over the physical collateral that constitutes the underlying asset. This criterion is part of the SL definition (Article 86(6)(b) of the CRD), which states that one of the characteristics of SL exposures is that “the contractual arrangements give the lender a substantial degree of control over the assets and the income that they generate.” This would not be the case in a securitisation.
5) Whole loan transactions are those where the credit risk of a single underlying risk exposure is transferred in tranches. Since the number of underlying exposures is not relevant in the securitisation definition, these transactions will be treated like any other securitisation. Similarly, bilateral securitisations (transactions that are not publicly issued to the market) will be also included in the securitisation framework. ANNEX IV: Additional elaboration of the institution’s internal documentation relating to the quantitative aspects of AMA · Assumptions implicit in the model. · How the operational risk classes have been determined. · How actual and constructed data are acquired and how they are used or incorporated in the model. · The phases of input, execution, and output of the model.
· How internal holding periods are identified and how the 'regulatory holding period' is derived from them.
· How a soundness standard comparable to a 99.9 percent confidence level has been achieved.
· How expected and unexpected losses have been computed, and whether and how expected losses have been captured in internal business practices.
· The aggregation methodology used to compute the institution’s overall operational risk estimate (or measure) from the individual operational risk estimates (or measures). In particular, the documentation should detail whether and how the correlations across the individual operational risk estimates have been computed and how they have been validated. · Whether and how the impact of insurance has been recognised in the
· The process adopted to validate the model, especially: decision criteria and/or statistical tests for identifying situations where internal data are deemed sufficient/insufficient to compute operational risk measures. · The policy for updating the model.