2. MARCO TEÓRICO
3.7. ANÁLISIS E INTERPRETACIÓN DE RESULTADOS
evaluated to what extent the persistent, chronic pain of the patients caused deterioration
in task performance. Although this approach might imply enhanced ecological validity, it
does not allow for causal reasoning.
On the other hand, several experimental investigations failed to find experimental
evidence for hypervigilance in patients with FMS (Peters et al., 2000; Asmundson et al.,
2005). Importantly, it has to be noted that these studies evaluated the attentional bias
towards innocuous somatosensory (Peters et al., 2000) or threatening linguistic stimuli
(Asmundson et al., 2005), but not towards painful sensory stimuli. Thus, based on the
results of these studies, it can not be inferred that patients with FMS do not show an
attentional bias towards painful sensory information.
In summary, the existent literature remains inconclusive, albeit not unsuggestive, of
hypervigilance in FMS. It needs to be clarified whether hypervigilance, central
sensitization or both phenomena have their share in the development of a heightened
sensitivity in patients with FMS. In this context, investigations assessing the pain‐related
attentional bias and its neuronal correlates in FMS by means of a primary task paradigm
with concurrent painful stimulation show particular promise (Crombez et al., 2005).
3.4
Aims of the study
In health, pain fulfills a vitally protective warning function. Due to this biological
salience, painful stimuli are of utmost behavioral relevance and affect the allocation of
attentional resources. Experimental studies have demonstrated both alerting as well as
distracting effects of pain on attention, as pain yielded both pain‐induced increases as
well as decreases of attentional performance. Still, it remains to be determined which
neuronal mechanisms mediate these variable attentional effects of pain in health.
In chronic pain states, pain does no longer fulfill a protective warning function, but
persists without any obvious physiological purpose. It appears feasible that imbalances in
the distracting and alerting effects of pain may contribute to the pathological pain
origin. Amongst other influencing factors, dysfunctional attentional processes in terms of
hypervigilance towards pain have been implicated in its pathogenesis.
In the human brain, neuronal gamma oscillations have been observed in response
to painful stimuli. Varying with attention to the painful stimuli, these pain‐induced
gamma oscillations might represent a neuronal correlate of the attentional effects of pain
in health and disease.
Accordingly, the present investigation is intended to characterize the attentional
effects of pain in healthy subjects and patients with FMS. In particular, the study aims to
verify the following four assumptions:
1. Painful stimulation modulates the attentional performance in healthy subjects.
Subjects will be asked to engage in a primary visual task with concurrent painful
stimulation. The changes in visual reaction times following painful stimulation will
serve as measure of pain‐related attentional modulation.
2. Gamma oscillations represent a neuronal correlate of the attentional effects of pain.
Specifically, it is hypothesized that visual stimulation will induce gamma oscillations in
the primary visual cortex. Painful stimulation will yield pain‐induced gamma
oscillations in the primary somatosensory cortex. Moreover, painful stimulation will
modulate gamma oscillations in the visual cortex. Functionally, these effects of pain on
visual gamma oscillations will relate to changes in visual task performance.
3. Patients with FMS are hypervigilant towards pain compared to healthy controls.
The individual rating in established self‐assessment questionnaires will serve as a
Background – Hypotheses 37
performance in a primary task paradigm as compared to healthy controls will serve as
an objective measure of hypervigilance.
4. Gamma oscillations represent a neuronal correlate of hypervigilance in FMS.
Neuronal gamma oscillations will be differentially modulated by painful stimulation in
patients with FMS and healthy controls. Specifically, changes of attentional
performance in the primary task paradigm indicative of hypervigilance in FMS will be
paralleled by corresponding changes in neuronal gamma oscillations.
FOUR
Methods 39
4
Methods
The present study is intended to characterize the behavioral impact and neuronal
mechanisms of the attentional effects of pain in healthy subjects and patients with
fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). Therefore, we recorded EEG from healthy subjects and
patients with FMS during an attention‐demanding visual reaction time task with
concurrent painful stimulation.
It has to be noted that the formulation of the topic evolved as a result of a
dynamic process: Initially, the investigation aimed to assess the attentional effects of pain
in health. However, the results of the pilot project suggested that maladaptive changes in
the attentional effects of pain as well as aberrations in neuronal gamma oscillations might
play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic pain syndromes, particularly in FMS.
Accordingly, this thesis comprises the results of two subprojects, which were successively
performed and differ regarding their subject samples. Whereas the first subproject
comprises a sample of healthy subjects, the second subproject compares the attentional
effects of pain in patients with FMS and a healthy control group. The subprojects are
widely comparable regarding the study design and analysis techniques. In case the
adopted methods differ between the subprojects, it will be explicitly stated in the text.
The design, data collection and data analysis for both subprojects covered a three‐
year period which extended from March 2008 to May 2011.