El análisis y la evaluación del estado del sector de las PYMEs en Polonia

In order to optimize the FLCS, we employed the BB-BC algorithm to reduce the size of rule base in type-1 and type-2 fuzzy systems and also find the better fitness with the parameters in type-2 fuzzy sets. The use of BB-BC improves system performance, including classification accuracy, with the less rules and membership functions and computation speed for the video running in real time.

The main differences between the two fuzzy classification systems are the size of the fuzzy rule base and the type-2 fuzzy sets’ membership functions. The main purpose is to reduce the latency in order to achieve real-time video running; the second target is to increase the system predictions accuracy; and the third is to make the rule base readable for users. Thus, the optimized FLCSs have the better accuracy with less rules, faster computation speed, and more readable fuzzy rules than the original FLCS.

The experimental results are described in the tables below. Table 5.1 shows the comparison group from BP-NN classification system. Table 5.2 shows another comparison over the testing data and out-of-range testing data of the proposed Scenes Classification System using T1FLCS. The results in Table 5.2 use the full rule base (296,028 rules), with no BB-BC tuning, and we present groups of reduced rule base with BB-BC optimization T1FLCSs. As can be seen from Table 5.2, the proposed T1 outperforms the BP-NN from Table 5.1 on most classifications of average and individual class.

BP-NN Centre People Close-up Average

Training 73.1645% 68.8574% 70.7103% 71.9346%

Testing 61.4736% 63.6586% 73.4074% 64.1461%

Out-of-range

testing 64.5819% 47.7024% 39.5120% 56.6065%

Table 5.1: BP-NN classification system for scenes

As can be seen from Tables 5.2 and 5.3, the T2FLCS outperforms the T1FLCS in testing and out-of-range testing groups. T2 achieved an average accuracy uplift of 0.4% and 0.1% compared to the T1 systems for the full rule base in the testing and out- of-range testing. However, T2FLCS performs better when the rule base is decreasing from full rules to 50 rules. As can be seen, the T2FLCSs can give a very close performance, with only 1000 rules (thus enabling the real-time and maximum interpretability), as opposed to using the full rule base of 296,028 rules, which cannot enable interpretability or real-time performance. The IT2FLC outperforms the T1FLC by about 1% for the testing data, and by about 5% for the out-of-range data, which verifies the ability of IT2FLC to handle the faced uncertainties and produce resilient performance in the face of high uncertainty levels.

Type-1 Centre People Close-up Average

Training (full rule base) 95.3804% 85.3642% 74.1028% 90.1855% Testing (full rule base) 93.7818% 83.5201% 70.6501% 87.1553%

Testing-1000 rules 93.3201% 78.2921% 65.5671% 84.7178%

Testing-200 rules 80.2350% 64.9031% 57.2034% 72.4097%

Testing-100 rules 70.0562% 41.3084% 35.7032% 59.9732%

Out-of-range data testing (full rule

base) 84.5601% 56.9450% 32.6095% 69.6532%

Out-of-range data testing-1000 rules 82.6507% 37.2615% 25.4658% 62.9436%

Out-of-range data testing-200 rules 75.7023% 39.2953% 27.2059% 59.4484%

Out-of-range data testing-100 rules 58.6911% 33.4255% 23.4029% 47.1337%

Type-2 Centre People Close-up Average Training (full rule base) 94.6135% 87.1903% 72.3802% 89.7939%

Testing (full rule base) 93.9607% 85.6233% 69.5595% 87.5675%

Testing-1000 rules 92.6501% 81.3656% 69.1742% 85.7162%

Testing-200 rules 82.2314% 66.4139% 58.8425% 74.2252%

Testing-100 rules 69.3527% 42.0644% 38.6799% 57.2824%

Out-of-range data testing (full rule

base) 83.7021% 54.7832% 38.5502% 69.6641%

Out-of-range data testing-1000 rules 83.2684% 44.5811% 40.2099% 67.4372%

Out-of-range data testing-200 rules 77.6121% 43.6174% 37.8850% 63.3797%

Out-of-range data testing-100 rules 58.7037% 39.2567% 31.6022% 49.8181%

Table 5.3: Type-2 FLCS scenes classification

5.4

Discussion

In this chapter, we presented the optimization process for our proposed fuzzy logic scenes classification systems (both of type-1 and type-2) for the better parameters optimization and rule base reduction, in order to improve the system prediction accuracy when it processes the input videos, and also in order to reduce the computational cost of the fuzzy rules matching the rule base. We employed BB-BC to optimize the fuzzy sets and rule base for our type-1 and type-2 scene classification systems.

The optimization process is divided into two steps due to the huge rule base, large number of parameters in membership functions and the training dataset. Optimization program require at least 4 days to complete each step, the first step is to obtain the better parameters of membership functions and the second step is to reduce the rule base. The combined one-step optimization is available if the program running in a super machine.

From the results of experiments, the type-2 fuzzy logic scenes classification system was the best. And, the optimized type-2 fuzzy logic system also performs well while keeping accuracy at a high level, while reducing the size of rule base from 296,028 to a few hundred. In the next chapter, we introduce a novel approach based on scenes classification system to build a different system in order to detect some high- level events from the video clips.

The Proposed System for Event Detection Within

Linguistic Video Summarization of Soccer Videos

In this chapter, we present a novel framework based on the previous scenes classification system, combined with the Dynamic Time Warping algorithm, in order to classify the input video clips and predict the event for it. The use of FLCS and DTW is necessary for our approach. We will present the specific process of building our proposed event detection system in the following sections. We will introduce the DTW in section 6.1 with its background. Then we will present the system in section 6.2 and present the experiments and results in section 6.3.