Análisis exploratorio de datos espacial

Migration is found to be the most important stimulating factor for managing stigma and discrimination as well as fulfilling human needs for many participants, especially widows, and females detached from their husbands while moving into a transitional identity. The females with less access to resources who have only resilience as their resource migrated to urban areas of the Kathmandu and Pokhara valleys, settling there with a view to managing stigma, discrimination and the disruption of human needs they faced daily in their places of origin. Before migration, HIV-diagnosed people have

ϭϲϲ

already prepared a vision of an alternative way of living, involving migration to the cities, due to their expectations of stigma and discrimination at their homes and in their society. In addition to less access to resources, there were few participants with moderate access to resources living in rural areas; these people also migrated to the urban valleys.

The research participants generally had good rapport with their friends living with HIV to develop a migration strategy that protected them from stigma and discrimination in family and society if anything bad happened in the future. There are some examples related to a strategic plan of migration that had already been established in their minds to cope with expected social ostracism. They had developed such plans of migration in the course of HIV treatment at hospital in the cities and on their first stay at an organization when they met their own circle of friends with HIV. Sarita B, separated from her husband, as she had imagined before going home after staying nine months at an organization in the Kathmandu Valley in the course of HIV treatment she had good rapport with her friends living with HIV. She found her home environment not suitable to her HIV status as she imagined before she went home from the organization. She shared her experience of migratory strategy in coping with HIV stigma and discrimination.

After finding an organization housing for such persons like me in Kathmandu, I stayed there. I spent nine months in Kathmandu… I was thinking whether my family members would not treat me well because of HIV. That is why I had taken phone numbers of my friends living with HIV when I met them in Kathmandu.

ϭϲϳ

As she had expected earlier, prior to her going home, she faced being discriminated against at home and used her strategy of migrating to Pokhara by contacting her friend by phone.

When I reached home, my husband’s first wife did not allow me to get entry into our home. I did not say anything and also did not force to get in. Then, I slept outside my home on the ground at that night… I thought deeply and remembered that if my family members showed such misbehaviours, villagers outside home would do the same, and I should not stay there anymore. With the situation, I realised I could not stay at home any longer. So I phoned a sister [Lila] in Pokhara. I received a positive response to come to Pokhara on Friday and I had phoned her on Wednesday… I left home for Pokhara at 4 am in the morning, taking my sick son. Sometimes, I wonder how I could do such things at that time.

– Sarita B, Female

Similarly, Gita told of her experiences of coping with HIV stigma and discrimination by migrating to the city. She had good interpersonal skills with people, especially with her own circle of friends living with HIV. In addition, she expressed that she moved to the city for her son’s schooling, having been heavily ostracised and discriminated against in her home and in society.

I have visited many places. If we behave well, many people support us. Everything depends upon our mouths, what we speak and how we behave with others...I went to Kathmandu and to other places for my shelter...One

ϭϲϴ

of the reasons for migrating to other places from my home is to teach my son. Therefore, I am now here, and what will be tomorrow I do not know.

– Gita, Female

Furthermore, participants have gone through a temporary type of migration depending upon the availability of shelters provided by different organizations located in different cities of Nepal. They are not allowed to remain for a long-term stay at the same organization. Their stay depends upon the availability of jobs and shelter at support organizations. There is also an organization located in semi-urban areas where some illiterate participants have been living for a couple of years without any external funds. They rely on their physical labour for their livelihood. Nevertheless, they have been migrating from one organization to another located in different places. They found places to stay based on the information from their own circle of other PLHIV as well as people working in various organizations. Sarita B shared her experiences of migrating from one organization to another depending upon the availability of shelters:

I tried to find suitable places to live in and I am here now. Organizations working for us [PLHIV] are not also giving a long term stay. We have to find one after another for our shelter. After my stay in Kathmandu with an organization, I arrived here [in the Periphery of Pokhara Valley]. I am moving in accordance with circumstances depending upon the availability of shelter under any organization.

– Sarita B, Female There is also family migration into cities from rural areas after being stigmatized and discriminated against at home and in society, especially in the cases of both partners living with HIV with moderate access to resources (Rita A).

ϭϲϵ