Análisis de impactos y actividades de mitigación y/o compensación

There is a large difference in performance of the hotels hosting foreigners than those that serve mainly Greek customers. As it is shown in Table 27, the hotels that cater to the

international tourism market, regardless of their size and class, have much better performance.

The average revenue per room is inversely proportional to the percentage of foreigners hosted by each hotel. For units where foreigners are below 20% of all their customers, the average annual revenue per room stood at 9,885 euros, while in units that serve more than 70% foreigners it reaches 16,290 euros.

The average occupancy rate in May is 30.5% in hotels that foreigners are less than 20% of all clients and 51.6% in those that the proportion of foreigners exceeds 70%. Something similar happens in August. The average occupancy rate of units mainly serving foreigners reaches 85.7%, while in the units depending on the domestic market it amounted to 61.7%.

The prices also of the rooms are higher in hotels that attract larger number of foreign customers.

The most interesting thing is that hotels with more foreign customers achieve greater price increases in August versus May. The hotels that host mainly Greeks, the average price of 53 euros in May stands at 70 euros in August (24.3% increase). In contrast, hotels that host mainly foreigners the price of 71.5 euros in May stood at 119.7 euros in August (67.4% increase).

Table 27

Impact of the Percentage of Foreign Customers on the Performance of Hotels

Basic Tourist Variables Percentage of Foreign Customers in Hotels

<20% 21-50% 51-70% >71%

Average Revenue per Room 2011 9.885,61 10.825,18 13.380,90 16.292,48 Occupancy Rate May 2012 30,48 40,33 43,72 51,67 Occupancy Rate August 2012 61,66 65,56 68,40 85,76 Average Room Rate May 2012 53,08 55,04 62,19 71,47 Average Room Rate August 2012 69,41 67,37 83,24 119,70

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Employment

Tourism is the only extrovert activity in the Greek economy that contributes to the creation of new jobs since 2000. As it is shown by the data in Table 28, during the period of economic growth that extends until 2008, most new jobs were created in the public sector and in particular in the areas of the Public Administration, Defense and Education, followed by the industry trade (retail and wholesale) and the constructions.

The sector of hotels and restaurants created cumulatively 52,700 jobs from 2000 to 2008. Instead, all the traditional export sectors such as food, clothing and footwear industry, agriculture, production of tobacco products, chemical industry and transportation, employed a smaller number of workers in 2008 compared to 2000.

Table 28

Sectors with the largest numbers in job creation and job losses

Country Total 2000 - 2008

Sectors that create more jobs Sectors that lose more jobs

Sector Number of _Employed Sector Number of _Employed

Construction 88.419 Agriculture – Farming -159.900 Retail Trade 87.993 Manufacture of wearing

apparel and fur -36.472 Public Administration, Defense

& Social Security 80.869 Insurance and pension funds -14.651 Other Business Activities 80.185 Food & Beverage Industry -6.672 Education 72.182 Manufacture of tobacco _products -5.005

Hotels - Restaurants 52.697 Leather Processing -3.525

Health & Social Care 45.822 Wood Manufacture & _{Construction Products} -3.228 Wholesale Trade 35.809 Refined petroleum products -2.242 Other Services 25.272 Air Transport -2.055 Real Estate Activities 21.493 Medical Manufacture -1.980

Total 590.741 Total -270.201

Source: Hellenic Statistical Authority. Elaboration by Labor Institute /General Confederation of Workers of Greece.

During the recession from 2008 to date significantly all sectors contributing to employment in the previous period were affected except for tourism. Overall, the past years 815 000 jobs were lost in Greece.

Indicatively, the construction industry lost 125,000 jobs the biennium 2009-2010 and the first quarter of 2011. At the same time 117,000 jobs were lost in manufacturing, while retail and wholesale trade lost around 61,000 jobs. Due to fiscal policy of the memorandum, employment will shrink significantly in the public sector of the economy in the near future.

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Table 29

Sectoral changes in the number of persons employed

2008 – 3rd _{Quarter 2012(in thousands)}

SECTOR OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY 2008

3rd Quarter 2012 Cumulative Change Change% 2012/2008

Activities of extraterritorial organizations

and bodies 1,6 1,6 0,0 0,0%

Accommodation and food service activities 307,1 296,0 -11,1 -3,6%

Human health and social work activities 231,0 219,9 -11,1 -4,8%

Agriculture, forestry and fishing 516,9 491,5 -25,4 -4,9%

Financial and insurance activities 113,4 106,1 -7,3 -6,4%

Professional, scientific and technical activities 244,5 223,4 -21,1 -8,6%

Education 322,3 287,6 -34,7 -10,8% Administrative and support service activities 72,7 64,8 -7,9 -10,9%

Information and communication 78,0 68,0 -10,0 -12,8%

Public administration and Defense; Compulsory

social security 377,4 327,3 -50,1 -13,3%

Transportation and storage 214,9 185,2 -29,7 -13,8%

Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 32,1 27,3 -4,8 -15,0%

Other service activities 92,0 77,6 -14,4 -15,7%

Mining and quarrying 15,6 12,7 -2,9 -18,6%

Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor

vehicles and motorcycles 834,0 664,6 -169,4 -20,3%

Real estate activities 8,6 6,3 -2,3 -26,7%

Water supply; sewerage, waste management and

remediation activities 31,4 22,9 -8,5 -27,1%

Arts, entertainment and recreation 58,1 40,6 -17,5 -30,1%

Manufacturing 533,7 356,9 -176,8 -33,1%

Activities of households as employers 81,7 54,1 -27,6 -33,8%

Construction 386,8 204,8 -182,0 -47,1%

TOTAL 4.553,8 3.739,2 -814,6 -17,9%

Source: Hellenic Statistical Authority, Labor Force Survey, Elaboration ITEP.

In the field of hotel and restaurant sector, the reduction in employment during the recession was marginal (-3.6%), since, according to the estimates of the Hellenic Statistical Authority, from 2008 to date 11,000 jobs were lost. It is reliably estimated that these jobs were lost in the restaurant business according to the industry unions, because 4,500 small restaurants and recreation outlets have closed in the cities of the mainland (Chart 21).

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Chart 21

%Change in Employment in Selected Sectors of the Greek Economy 2008 - 2012

Source: Hellenic Statistical Authority, Labor Force Survey, Elaboration ITEP.

From Chart 21 it is apparent that tourism is the only industry that can currently retain jobs and create in the short term new jobs in our country.