ANÁLISIS E INTERPRETACIÓN DE LOS DATOS CON LA GUÍA DE

In presenting a WSS scenario, we maintained a focus on the inter- ventions carried out as part of NAMWASH, so the emphasis was on the town of Ribáuè and valuing the piped system that was deliv- ered. This scenario should represent a level of service that is both aspirational and realistic. In the peri-urban setting, a household connection would fit the bill of being aspirational but would not be realistic for the current form of piped infrastructure201

. Yard taps, 201

In the peri-urban areas of Nampula we surveyed, only5.95% of households had a household connection, so it is unlikely that the use of household connections will be normalised there anytime soon. We would expect the situation in Ribáuè to be no different.

on the other hand, would be seen as aspirational for households in Ribáuè but would also be realistic, given the level of use of yard taps we see in peri-urban areas of Nampula. Consequently, we de- cided on a scenario where clean water would be piped to the yard and available24hours per day,7days per week.

Applying to not only Ribáuè but also Nampula and Liúpo, in terms of the scenario being aspirational, the fact that residents of Liúpo do not currently have access to water piped to the home and very few residents of Ribáuè have yard taps makes the presented scenario largely aspirational for residents of these two towns202

. In 202

Indeed, analysis of NAMWASH baseline survey data showed that54_% of households in Ribáuè chose a yard tap as their first preferred method of water delivery (meaning that they aspired to have water piped to their yard), and more than72% stated a preference for either a yard tap or a tap inside the house. The median price that households stated that they were willing to pay for a yard tap at that time was30-49MZN per month, an amount that is less than the current monthly fixed cost for piped water in Ribáuè.

the case of Nampula, the fact that the scenario represents a reliable delivery of water (24hours per day,7days per week) also makes the scenario largely aspirational, considering the issues with water reliability for the city mentioned in previous chapters.

Given that water delivery has been incredibly reliable in Ribáuè, the presentation of a scenario of clean water delivered to house- holds for24hours per day,7days per week is definitely achievable even if uncommon in many of the urban centres of Mozambique. At the same time, the high level of use of water piped to the home in Nampula203

suggests that, long term, it is likely that the use

203

In households sampled in Nampula, we observed69.1% of households using a household connection, yard tap, or tap of a neighbour and an additional12.09% using a standpipe, meaning that81.19% of households use piped water.

of yard taps in Ribáuè would be normalised to the same extent or a greater extent than what is currently observed in Nampula. Indeed, the steady increase in uptake of yard taps in Ribáuè and approximate doubling in the number of yard taps since the end of NAMWASH would support this.

The high use of household connections and yard taps in Nam- pula means that many families experience and understand the benefits of clean water piped to the home. However, as mentioned previously, in Nampula households and standpipe operators alike commented on the lack of regularity of water supply due to water pressure issues. Thus, even though households are happy with the quality of the water being provided by the piped network, avail- ability falls well below24hours per day,7days per week, so the scenario presented would be considered aspirational for even those with water piped to the home in Nampula.

At the same time, at the time of fieldwork in Ribáuè in Novem- ber2014, yard tap users (21.21%) and kiosk users (16.22%) reported problems with water quality. Users of piped water, including kiosk operators and local businesses, suggested that the negative as- sessment of water quality was due to water turbidity even though microbiological and chemical analyses of water at the source and the furthermost water point showed it to be safe to drink204

. This 204

Issues with water turbidity are significant because the predominant criterion used by people to assess whether water is safe to drink is water clarity (86.44% of respondents). issue was quickly rectified by STCC, which doubled its frequency

of cleaning filters, and follow-up interviews with kiosk operators and local businesses in July of2015suggested a substantial increase in water clarity since November2014and a high degree of satisfac- tion with water quality. However, given the issues noted by users of piped water in November2014in terms of perceived water quality, the presented scenario would likely have been viewed as aspira- tional at the time of fieldwork as well.

In presenting the WSS scenario, it was important to ensure that respondents understood that the questions were not tied to a pend- ing water intervention in order to reduce strategic bias205

, and it

205

We made this point clear in dis- cussions with local leaders during protocol as well. This was necessary not only to prevent causing unwar- ranted expectations but also to help ensure that households responded as truthfully as possible.

m e a s u r i n g t h e va l u e o f p i p e d wat e r t o h o u s e h o l d s 91

pay. The exact wording of the scenario presented was as follows:

I am now going to ask you some questions regarding your willingness to pay for improved water and sanitation services in your household. These questions are strictly for research purposes. There are no right or wrong answers. We are simply interested in what you think. Throughout, please keep in mind:

• your household income,

• your current household expenses (or other alternative sources of water for your household), and

• other possible uses for your household income in answering these ques- tions.

I am going to ask you to imagine a theoretical scenario. Imagine that you have a sustained improvement in availability of quality water and sanitation services in your neighbourhood where clean water is piped to your yard and is available24hours per day,7days per week. Also imagine that faecal waste removal services are available whenever your pit needs to be emptied.

Respondents were then asked:

1. how well they understood the scenario according to a five point scale (ranging from “very well” to “not at all”) and

2. whether they were willing to pay for the water service described.