Análisis de las jornadas no trabajadas, por tipo de contrato

for the year 2001 was

0.59. The achievements

in human development

as measured by the HDI

in Tripura correspond

to the ‘medium’ level

of achievement at the

international level.

Human Development Index (HDI) of Tripura and districts, 2001 Education index Health index Income index HDI

West District 0.77 0.82 0.26 0.61 South District 0.70 0.76 0.24 0.57 Dhalai 0.60 0.74 0.19 0.51 North District 0.72 0.80 0.25 0.59 Tripura 0.73 0.79 0.25 0.59 TABLE 1.21

Gender-related Development Index (GDI) of Tripura and districts, 2001 Equally distributed Equally distributed Equally distributed GDI

education index health index income index

West District 0.76 0.82 0.17 0.58

South District 0.69 0.76 0.19 0.55

Dhalai 0.59 0.74 0.16 0.50

North District 0.71 0.80 0.16 0.56

MAP 1.6

MAP 1.7

East as well as for India (Table 1.22). Similarly, we have calculated the GDI for all the North Eastern States and India (Table 1.23).

The first noteworthy feature of our estimates is that the HDI and GDI for Tripura are higher than the corres- ponding values for India as a whole in 2001 (Tables 1.22 and 1.23, and Figure 1.12). The individual compo- nents of HDI and GDI show that Tripura performs much better than India with respect to the education index, close to the Indian average with respect to the health index, and worse than India in terms of the income index.

Among the North Eastern States, Tripura shares third rank with Mani- pur (after Mizoram and Sikkim) with respect to the HDI and fourth rank with respect to the GDI. The State ranks second with respect to the edu- cation index (after Mizoram), and fourth with respect to the health and income indices among the eight North Eastern States. The rank of the State, however, falls when the income index is adjusted for gender disparity. To examine progress in human development at the district level, we have also attempted to estimate the HDI and GDI for Tripura for the early 1990s (Tables 1.24 and 1.25).

Between 1991 and 2001, the im- provements in HDI and GDI in Tri- pura have been greater than in India as a whole (Tables 1.18 and 1.19). The HDI and GDI improvements in Tripura were primarily driven by improvements in the education and income indices. The difference bet- ween the HDI and GDI marginally increased between 1991 and 2001 on account of a more skewed gender composition of the work force in the State.

TABLE 1.22

Human Development Index (HDI) of North Eastern States and India, 2001 Education index Health index Income index HDI

Arunachal Pradesh 0.55 0.68 0.23 0.49 Assam 0.62 0.76 0.13 0.50 Manipur 0.73 0.85 0.18 0.59 Meghalaya 0.62 0.72 0.23 0.52 Mizoram 0.87 0.83 0.30 0.67 Nagaland 0.67 0.76 0.29 0.57 Sikkim 0.71 0.80 0.29 0.60 Tripura 0.73 0.79 0.25 0.59 India 0.64 0.78 0.28 0.56 FIGURE 1.12

Human Development Index (HDI) of North Eastern States and India, 2001 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 HDI values States

Arunachal Assam Manipur MeghalayaMizoram Nagaland Sikkim Tripura India

TABLE 1.23

Gender-related Development Index (GDI) of North Eastern States and India, 2001

Equally distributed Equally distributed Equally distributed GDI education index health index income index

Arunachal Pradesh 0.53 0.68 0.21 0.48 Assam 0.61 0.76 0.10 0.49 Manipur 0.72 0.85 0.18 0.58 Meghalaya 0.62 0.72 0.21 0.51 Mizoram 0.87 0.83 0.30 0.67 Sikkim 0.70 0.80 0.26 0.59 Tripura 0.72 0.79 0.18 0.56 India 0.62 0.78 0.21 0.54

1.4 Concluding Remarks

This chapter has examined levels and progress in three basic indicators of human development in Tripura, a State with a population of a little over 3 million persons located in the North East of India, and in its consti- tuent four districts (South District, West District, Dhalai, North District). A salient demographic feature of the State is the high rate of growth of population during the last fifty years, particularly in the decade 1951–61. In the North East, Tripura is now second to Assam in terms of population size and population den- sity. The rate and pattern of popula- tion growth has brought about a major shift in the demographic bal- ance of the State. The share of the tribal population in the total popula- tion of the State fell dramatically from 50 per cent in 1941 to 31 per cent in 1961.

The demographic and associated social, economic and political up- heavals gave rise to separatist and divisive insurgency movements in the State. Today, these armed insurgents have lost an agenda but continue to engage in indiscriminate violence targeting both civilians and represen- tatives of the State.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights recognizes the right of all human beings to “seek and enjoy in other countries asylum from perse- cution”. When India opened its doors to refugees from erstwhile East Paki- stan, it was the Government of Tri- pura that shouldered the enormous social responsibility of rehabilitation of refugees. The refugees brought with them new methods of settled agriculture, and contributed to the development of the productive forces in the countryside. Cultural inter-

TABLE 1.24

Human Development Index (HDI) of Tripura, by district, 1991 and 2001 Education index Health index Income index HDI

1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001 West District 0.66 0.77 0.73 0.82 0.08 0.26 0.49 0.62 South District 0.53 0.70 0.67 0.76 0.08 0.24 0.43 0.57 Dhalai 0.50 0.61 0.66 0.74 0.05 0.19 0.40 0.51 North District 0.63 0.73 0.72 0.80 0.07 0.25 0.47 0.59 Tripura 0.60 0.73 0.71 0.79 0.07 0.25 0.46 0.59 India 0.52 0.64 0.59 0.78 0.16 0.28 0.42 0.56 TABLE 1.25

Gender-related Development Index (GDI) of Tripura, by district, 1991 and 2001 Equally distributed Equally distributed Equally distributed GDI

education index health index income index

1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001 West District 0.64 0.77 0.73 0.82 0.03 0.17 0.47 0.58 South District 0.51 0.69 0.67 0.76 0.04 0.19 0.41 0.55 Dhalai 0.47 0.59 0.66 0.74 0.03 0.16 0.39 0.50 North District 0.62 0.72 0.72 0.80 0.03 0.16 0.45 0.56 Tripura 0.59 0.72 0.71 0.79 0.03 0.18 0.44 0.56 India 0.49 0.62 0.59 0.78 0.12 0.21 0.39 0.54 FIGURE 1.13

Human Development Index (HDI) of Tripura, by district, 1991 and 2001

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

West District South District Dhalai North District Tripura India Districts

HDI values

action between tribal and non-tribal people paved the way for new social developments, and also influenced the radical mass movements that existed in the State. Nevertheless, as we have noted, the tribal population was converted to a minority in its own land, and demographic change trig- gered social divisions that racked the State for years to come.

We have examined three basic components of the Human Develop- ment Index, namely, literacy and schooling, life expectancy, and per capita income.

Tripura has made substantive pro- gress in respect of literacy and school education, particularly in the 1990s, and today the literacy levels among the people of the State are higher than the corresponding national averages. We have also noted big improve- ments in school attendance in recent years, suggesting that both absolute deprivations in education and relative disparities will be reduced in the future. Nevertheless, there are areas of concern as literacy among rural people lags behind that in urban areas, literacy among tribal people lags behind that of non-tribal per- sons, and literacy rates among females are lower than literacy rates among males. Achievements in respect of literacy and school enrolment are lower in the district of Dhalai, whose population is largely rural and tribal, than in the other three districts.

For assessing capabilities in respect of health, special estimates of the expectation of life at birth at the level of each district were prepared for this Report. These estimates showed life expectancy of 74 years for women and 71 years for men in Tripura, which are higher than the corres- ponding national averages. Tripura also does better than the national

average in terms of the sex ratio (or ratio of females to 1,000 males), an indicator of gender equality. Dispari- ties were observed across districts, with West District taking the top rank and Dhalai the lowest rank in terms of life expectancy.

The third and final component of the Human Development Index is per capita income. At the aggregate level, it is clear that Tripura is relatively backward in terms of incomes: the per capita State Domestic Product (SDP) of Tripura is below the national average, and the per capita income of the State is only 40 per cent of that of the State with the highest per capita income. At the same time, per capita SDP has grown at a rate of over 5 per cent per annum in the 1990s, enabling the State to inch closer to the Indian average. Estimates of the DDP, prepared for the first time in the State for this Report, show that levels of income are similar in the North, West and South Districts but Dhalai has a distinctly lower level of income. Further, Dhalai did not gain proportionately from the growth of incomes in the 1990s.

Combining the three basic indica- tors, the value of the Human Devel- opment Index for Tripura for 2001 was estimated to be 0.59 (on a scale of 0 to 1). According to international norms, this corresponds to a moderate level of achievement of human devel- opment (less than 0.50 is categorized as low achievement, 0.50 to 0.80 as moderate achievement, and greater than 0.80 as high achievement).

Between 1991 and 2001 Tripura made commendable progress in all three indicators of human develop- ment and in the aggregated HDI. This is in contrast to the international experience which shows that coun- tries and regions in conflict “regress

Achievements in respect

of literacy and school