MV
LV
HV
MV
iNode CT
iNode e.s.
HV GRID
HV control centre
iSocket iSocket iSocketAMI: Remote management concentrator
• Reading and aggregation of concentrators (energy, V, f, etc.) • Aggregation (anti-fraud)
• Phase balance • Power limit
ADA: Advanced automation
• Self-healing: Joint detection, isolation, recovery of faults • Grid operation
• Load management • Line automation
DER: Microgrid regulation (at the mDER or iNodeCT level)
• Regulation or possible limitation of active power generation (AGC) • Voltage regulation
• Reactive power compensation
• Possible generation curtailments and consumption load shedding
As indicated above, for the purposes of microgrid regulation, the iNodeCT coordinates the iSockets connected to the LV outputs of the DS to optimise the power in the MV/ LV transformer, as shown in Fig. 62. In this case, the iNodeCT receives the following parameters from the iNodes in the upper level:
• Mode: Normal/emergency
• Tariffs according to time bands. Unbundled prices and energy • Predictions: The weather and demand
Towards the LV segment (microgrid), the iNodeCT acts on the various iSockets. The
• Mode: Normal/emergency
• Line disconnection: Command to open/close • Set points of P and Q
And receives from the iSockets: • Real measurements of P and Q • Other telemetry and alarms
In addition, the iNodeCT enables Modbus TCP communication with monitoring and supervision systems at the level of the DS panel, specifically the monitoring (LVM) and advanced monitoring (ALVM) systems by Ormazabal, described in section 4.4.2. Similarly, in the Smartcity Malaga project the iNodeCT is used as a gateway to transfer information from the iSockets to the Monitoring and Diagnosis Centre, through the same IEC 61850 protocol.
The iSockets connect the upper level iNodes with the devices (now active) of generation and consumption. They follow the commands and directives of the iNodes and report all the local information to the upper level so the system functions correctly.
The main functions of an iSocket include: AMI: Remote management concentrator • Reading (energy, V, f, etc.)
• Aggregation (anti-fraud)
• Association of the LV line and associated phase with the customer • Phase balance
• Real-time pricing
ADA: Advanced automation • Self-healing: Detection of faults • Measurement of current in LV line • Grid operation
• Load management • Aggregation
• Customer-line association • LV-SCADA
DER: Regulation of microgrids (at the level of the iSocket)
• Regulation or possible limitation of active power generation (AGC) • Voltage regulation
• Reactive compensation
• Possible generation curtailment and consumption load shedding
The iSockets control the different devices from electricity loads to generation resources. They send individually to each converter:
• Set points of P and Q
• Commands for power disconnector And receives from the devices: • Real measurements of P and Q • Other telemetry and alarms
iNodeSE
The device responsible for the functions of the iNodeSE in the Smartcity Malaga project is the INGESAS unit, developed and manufactured by Ingeteam Technology. Fig. 63, extracted from the document “INGESAS - Hardware Reference Manual” by Ingeteam Technology, shows an image of the module IC3541, the rack containing the different functional modules of the unit (See Index of figures, page 159). Two of the modules that integrate some of the most important functions of this device, in its performance as an iNodeSE, are the processor and the communications module, shown in Fig. 64 (See Index of figures, page 160).
iNodeCT
The iNodeCT (or MV/LV iNode) is an electronic system developed by GPtech that acts as an autonomous data concentrator, showing the upper levels a virtual view of the elements in the lower levels of the grid. Fig. 65 shows the device developed by GPtech (See Index of figures, page 160).
The iNodeCT consists of two different hardware components, the iNodeUCC and the
iNodeGW.
The iNodeUCC interfaces the iSockets with the iNodeGW. In the communication with the iSockets, the iNodeUCC is a modbus client, while in communication with the
iNodeGW it acts as a modbus server, providing the iNodeGW with the data obtained
from the iSockets. The iNodeGW is a modbus client of the iNodeUCC and a server IEC 61850.
iSocket
The circuit board that serves as the basis for the iSocket device is the
06028_06028_2002_01, designed and developed by GPtech that uses a Rabbit processor as its core. Fig. 66 shows an image of this assembly (See Index of figures, page 160).
As already indicated, the iSocket has a Rabbit Series 4000 processor module. The main module of the RCM4000 microprocessor is a device that comprises Ethernet control that is intelligent and can connect to the Internet, which enables the devices to be monitored and controlled remotely.
Distributed generation
As mentioned in section 2.2.1., in the Smartcity Malaga project different distributed generation units have been integrated into the Malaga distribution grid and this integration is one of the main contributions of smart grids to the distribution grid. In this aspect, one of the main products created through the project is the management and integration of these resources, specifically the algorithms developed and
implemented, which are described in this section.
As described in this document, the control architecture implemented in Smartcity Malaga is a hierarchical, distributed and autonomous structure, as represented in Fig. 69. The fundamental control elements are the iNodes and iSockets. The iNodes perform the global management of the microgrid while the iSockets monitor a certain source of generation, storage or load.
The iSocket-type elements follow the commands and directives of the upstream iNodes and report all the local information to the upper level for the correct operation of the system.
The iSockets communicate with the power generators (typically connected to the grid through power converters) and maintain a software model of the connected units. Moreover, all the iSockets electrically connected to the same iNode (typically in a DS) communicate with it so they can be coordinated. At the same time, the iNodes communicate with all the iSockets which are electrically connected to the corresponding DS and act as coordinators. Additionally, all the iNodes build a virtual model that represents everything that is connected, displayed to the upper levels as one more
iSocket, but controlling a LV microgrid instead of a specific power device.
The distributed generation management algorithm is based on the independent control