Análisis sobre Control Interno

The process developed in this project highlighted a number of knowledge gaps that require research across several disciplines. Key to the process is having adequate information on barrier locations, types and the distribution and ecology of resident freshwater fish species. Although this information needs to be obtained within the region where the process is to be run and therefore will vary in terms of cost and resources required, there are several overall knowledge gaps that, if filled, will greatly enhance the efficiency of the process on multiple scales. For instance, whilst mapping of refuge pools could be undertaken using current methods (i.e. aerial and ground surveys), should fine-scale remote sensing technology to detect surface waters become available, it would be invaluable in reducing the cost of running the process (Table 4). Indeed, many areas of aquatic ecosystem research would benefit from such technology. We had access to a GIS database of potential barrier locations in Western Australia (which was a valuable asset in running the process), yet our aerial truthing revealed considerable false positives and negatives and therefore demonstrated the need for verification of GIS information using aerial surveys and ground-truthing. Research is also required to quantify the impacts of barrier removal on aquatic ecosystems such as species dispersal rates, refuge habitat colonisation and net population increase to better understand how effective barrier removal is at increasing resilience of ecosystems across southern Australia (Table 5). Conducting social-based research would help understand the sources of opposition to barrier removal and mitigation in order to develop approaches to overcome that opposition. Rigorous economic modelling is required to determine the cost-effectiveness of maintaining, retro-fitting or removing in-stream barriers in southern Australia. These latter two areas of research are particularly pertinent where irrigation infrastructure is involved that can result in heightened opposition to barrier removal.

REFERENCES

Acuna, V., Tockner, K., 2009. Surface-subsurface water exchange rates along alluvial river reaches control the thermal patterns in an Alpine river network. Freshwater Biology, 54, 306-320.

Aschmann ,H., 1973. Distribution and peculiarity of mediterranean ecosystems. In Di Castri & Mooney (Eds). Mediterranean Type Ecosystems: Origin and Structure. Springer, Berlin. 11-19.

Baird, O. E., Krueger, C. C., 2003. Behavioural thermoregulation of brook and rainbow trout: comparison of summer habitat use in an Adirondack River, New York. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 132, 1194-1206.

Beatty, S., Allen, M., Lymbery, A., Storer, T., White, G., Morgan, D., Ryan, T., 2013. Novel methods for managing freshwater refuges against climate change in southern Australia: Evaluating small barrier removal to improve refuge connectivity - a global review of barrier decommissioning and a process for southern Australia in a drying climate, National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility, Gold Coast, pp. 74. Beatty, S.J., McAleer, F.J., Morgan, D.L., 2009. Migration patterns of fishes of the Blackwood River and relationships to groundwater intrusion. Centre for Fish & Fisheries Research, Murdoch University. Report to the Department of Water, Government of Western Australia. 93 pp.

Becker, A., Robson, B.J., 2009. Riverine macroinvertebrate assemblages up to eight years after riparian restoration in a semi-rural catchment in Victoria, Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research, 60, 1309-1316.

Berman, C. H., Quinn, T. P., 1991. Behavioural thermoregulation and homing by spring Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha (Walbaum), in the Yakima River. Journal of Fish Biology, 39, 301-312.

Bilby, R. E., 1984. Characteristics and frequency of cool-water areas in a western Washington stream. Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 2, 593-602.

Brainwood, M., Burgin, S., 2009. Hotspots of biodiversity or homogeneous landscapes? Farm dams as biodiversity reserves in Australia. Biodiversity and Conservation, 18, 3043-3052.

Brand, A.B., Snodgrass, J.W., 2010. Value of artificial habitats for amphibian reproduction in altered landscapes. Conservation Biology, 24, 295-301.

Burkholder, B. K., Grant, G. E., Haggerty, R. et al., 2008. Influence of hyporheic flow and geomorphology on temperature of a large, gravel-bed river, Clackamas River, Oregon, USA. Hydrological Processes, 22, 941-953.

Canals, R.M., Ferrer, V., Iriarte, A., Carcamo, S., Emeterio, L.S., Villanueva, E., 2011. Emerging conflicts for the environmental use of water in high-valuable rangelands. Can livestock water ponds be managed as artificial wetlands for amphibians? Ecological Engineering, 37, 1443-1452.

Casas, J.J., Sánchez-Oliver, J.S., et al. 2011. The paradox of the conservation of an endangered fish species in a Mediterranean region under agricultural intensification. Biological Conservation, 144, 253-262.

Chester, E. T., Robson, B. J., Chambers, J. M., 2013. Novel methods for managing freshwater refuges against climate change in southern Australia: Anthropogenic refuges for freshwater biodiversity, National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility, Gold Coast, pp. 90.

Chester E.T., Robson B.J., 2011. Drought refuges, spatial scale and the recolonization of invertebrates in non-perennial streams. Freshwater Biology, 56, 2094-2104.

Colding, J., Lundberg, J., Lundberg, S., Andersson, E., 2009. Golf courses and wetland fauna.Ecological Applications, 19, 1481-1491.

Collier, K.J., Smith, B.J., 2000. Interactions of adult stoneflies (Plecoptera) with riparian zones I. Effects of air temperature and humidity on longevity. Aquatic Insects, 22, 275- 284.

Colvin, R., Giannico, G.R., Li, J., Boyer, K.L. & Gerth. W.J., 2009. Fish use of intermittent watercourses draining agricultural lands in the Upper Willamette River Valley, Oregon. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 138, 1302-1313. Cook, B. A., Close, P. G., Stock, M., Davies, P. M., 2013. Novel methods for managing freshwater refuges against climate change in southern Australia: Riparian replanting for temperature control in streams, National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility, Gold Coast, pp. 37.

Cummings, C. R., Matthews, T. G., Lester, R. E., 2013. Novel methods for managing freshwater refuges against climate change in southern Australia: Evaluating the utility of cold-water releases (“shandying”) for enhancing the resilience of riverine species, National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility, Gold Coast, pp. 73.

Davies, P., Cook, B., et al. 2004. Managing high in-stream temperatures using riparian vegetation. UWA31 Final Report to Land & Water Australia, CENRM, University of Western Australia, Albany.

Davies, P.M., 2010. Climate change implications for river restoration in global biodiversity hotspots. Restoration Ecology, 18, 261-268.

Dyer, F., Dyer, B., DeChelard, H., Fletcher, G., 2007. What's stopping the water? Identifying influences on environmental water releases in the Wimmera. Pages 79-84. Fifth Australian Stream Management Conference. Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW.

Ebersole, J. L., Liss, W. J., Frissell, C. A., 2003. Thermal heterogeneity, stream channel morphology, and salmonid abundance in northeastern Oregon streams. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 60, 1266-1280.

Gaffield, S. J., Potter, K. W., Wang, L., 2005. Predicting the summer temperature of small streams in southwestern Wisconsin. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 41, 25-36.

Gledhill, D.G., James, P., Davies, D.H., 2008. Pond density as a determinant of aquatic species richness in an urban landscape. Landscape Ecology, 23, 1219-1230.

Goniea, T. M., Keefer, M. L., Bjornn, T. C., et al., 2006. Behavioral thermoregulation and slowed migration by adult fall Chinook salmon in response to high Columbia River water temperatures. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 135, 408-419. Hamasaki, K., Yamanaka, T., Tanaka, K., Nakatani, Y., Iwasaki, N., Sprague, D.S., 2009. Relative importance of within-habitat environment, land use and spatial autocorrelatins for determining odonate assemblages in rural reservoir ponds in Japan. Ecological Research, 24, 597-605.

Hamer, A.J., Smith, P.J., McDonnell, M.J., 2012. The importance of habitat design and aquatic connectivity in amphibian use of urban stormwater retention ponds. Urban Ecosystems, in press.

Hart, D.D., Johnson, T.E., Bushaw-Newton, K.L., Horwitz, R.J., Bednarek, A.T., Charles, D.F., Kreeger, D.A., Velinsky. D.J., 2002. Dam removal: Challenges and opportunities for ecological research and river restoration. BioScience, 52, 669-681. Herzon, I., Helenius, J., 2008. Agricultural drainage ditches, their biological importance and functioning. Biological Conservation, 141, 1171-1183.

Hobday, A. J., Lough, J. M., 2011. Projected climate change in Australian marine and freshwater environments. Marine and Freshwater Research, 62, 1000-1014.

Hohausová, E., Lavoy, R.J., Allen, M.S., 2010. Fish dispersal in a seasonal wetland: influence of anthropogenic structures. Marine and Freshwater Research, 61, 682-694. Horne, B. D., Rutherford, E. S., Wehrly, K. E., 2004. Simulating effects of hydro-dam alteration on thermal regime and wild steelhead recruitment in a stable-flow Lake Michigan tributary. River Research and Applications, 20, 185-203.

Howell, P. J., Dunham, J. B., Sankovick, P. M., 2010. Relationships between water temperatures and upstream migration, cold water refuge use, and spawning of adult bull trout from the Lostine River, Oregon, USA. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 19, 96- 106.

Inland Rivers Network News, 2000. http://www.irnnsw.org.au/pdf/IRN_News_5_2. Accessed 21/10/2012.

Kanehl, P.D., Lyons, J., Nelson, J.E., 1997. Changes in the Habitat and Fish Community of the Milwaukee River, Wisconsin, Following Removal of the Woolen Mills Dam.North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 17, 387-400

Katayama, N., Saitoh, S., Amano, T., Miyashita, T., 2011. Effects of modern drainage systems on the spatial distribution of loach in rice ecosystems. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 21, 146-154.

Keefer, M. L., Peery, C. A., High, B., 2009. Behavioral thermoregulation and associated mortality trade-offs in migrating adult steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss): variability among sympatric populations', Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,66, 1734-47.

Kennard M.J., Pusey B.J., Olden J.D., Mackay S.J., Stein J.L,. Marsh N. 2010. Classification of natural flow regimes in Austalia to support environmental flow management. Freshwater Biology 55: 171-193.

Keppel, G., Niel, K.P.V., Wardell-Johnson, G.W., Yates, C.J., Byrne, M., Mucina, L., Schut, A.G.T., Hopper, S.D., Franklin, S.E., 2012. Refugia: identifying and understanding safe havens for biodiversity under climate change. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 21, 393-404.

Koehn, J. D., 2011. Climate change and Australian marine and freshwater environments, fishes and fisheries: introduction. Marine and Freshwater Research, 62, 981-983.

Koster, W., Dawson, D., 2010. Investigation of Australian Grayling Spawning in the Yarra and Bunyip Rivers. Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Heidelberg, Victoria.

Krause, C. W., Newcomb, T. J., Orth, D. J., 2005. Thermal habitat assessment of alternative flow scenarios in a tailwater fishery. River Research and Applications, 21, 581-593.

Lake, P.S., 2011. Drought and Aquatic Ecosystems: effects and responses. Wiley- Blackwell, Chichester.

Lake, P.S., Thomson, J.R., Lada, H., MacNally, R., Reid, D., Stanaway, J., Taylor, A.C., 2010. Diversity and distribution of macroinvertebrates in lentic habitats in massively altered landscapes in south-eastern Australia. Diversity and Distributions, 16, 713-724.

LeViol, I., Mocq, J., Julliard, J., Kerbiriou, C., 2009. The contribution of motorway stormwater retention ponds to the biodiversity of aquatic macroinvertebrates. Biological Conservation, 142, 3163-3171.

Lind, P.R., Robson, B.J., Matthews, T.G., Mitchell, B.D., 2009. Can sand slugs in rivers deliver conservation benefits? The biodiversity value of tributary junction plug wetlands in the Glenelg River, Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research, 60, 426-434.

Lundholm, J.T., Richardson, P.J., 2010. Habitat analogues for reconciliation ecology in urban and industrial environments. Journal of Applied Ecology, 47, 966-975.

Lutton, S., Sheldon, F., Bunn, S.E., 2010. Morphological characteristics of on-farm water storages and their similarity to natural water bodies in the Border Rivers Catchment, Australia. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 20, 47-57.

Magnuson, J. J., Crowder, L. B., Medvick, P. A., 1979. Temperature as an ecological resource.American Zoologist, 19, 331-343.

Martin, W.J., Gentry, J.B., 1974. Effect of thermal stress on dragonfly nymphs. In: Gibbons, J.W. & R.R. Sharitz, R.R. (eds), Thermal Ecology. Atomic Energy Commission.

Matthews, K. R., Berg, N. H., 1997. Rainbow trout responses to water temperature and dissolved oxygen stress in two southern California stream pools. Journal of Fish Biology, 50, 50-67.

McCarthy, K., Lathrop, R.G., 2011. Stormwater basins of the New Jersey coastal plain: subsidies or sinks for frogs and toads? Urban Ecosystems, 14, 395-413.

Nielsen, J. L., Lislie, T. E., Ozaki, V., 1994. Thermally stratified pools and their use by steelhead in northern California streams. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,123, 613-626.

NSW Office of Water, 2011. NSW Cold Water Pollution Strategy: Guidelines for Managing Coldwater Releases from High Priority Dams. NSW Office of Water.

Olden, J. D., Naiman, R. J., 2010. Incorporating thermal regimes into environmental flows assessments: modifying dam operations to restore ecosystem integrity. Freshwater Biology, 55, 86-107.

Olsen, D. A., Young, R. G., 2009. Significance of river-aquifer interactions for reach- scale thermal patterns and trout growth potential in the Motueka River, New Zealand, Hydrogeology Journal,17, 175-183.

Petty, J. T., Hansbarger, J. L., Huntsman, B. M., Mazik, P. M., 2012. Brook trout movement in response to temperature, flow, and thermal refugia within a complex Appalachian riverscape, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,141, 1060- 1073.

Pittock, J., Hartmann, J. 2011. Taking a second look: climate change, periodic relicensing and improved management of dams. Marine and Freshwater Research, 62, 312-320.

Quinn, J.M., Steele, G.L., Hickey, C.W., Vickers, M.L.,1994. Upper thermal tolerances of twelve New Zealand stream invertebrate species. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 28: 391-397.

Rackemann, S.L., Robson, B.J., Matthews, T.G., 2012. Conservation value of waterfalls as habitat for lotic insects of western Victoria, Australia. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, in press.

Robson, B.J., Clay, C.J., 2005. Local and regional macroinvertebrate diversity in the wetlands of a cleared agricultural landscape in south-western Victoria, Australia. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 15: 403-414.

Robson, B.J., Mitchell, B.D., Chester, E.T., Matthews, T.G., 2008. Identification & management of refuges for aquatic organisms. Waterlines Report 11, National Water Commission, Canberra.

Robson, B.J., Matthews, T.G., Lind, P.R., Thomas, N.A., 2008b. Pathways for algal recolonization in seasonally-flowing streams. Freshwater Biology, 52, 2385-2401. Robson, B.J., Chester, E.T., Austin, C.M., 2011. Why life history information matters: predicting the role of drought refuges for sustaining macroinvertebrate biodiversity in non-perennial streams subject to increased periods of drying. Marine and Freshwater Research, 62, 801-810.

Robson, B.J., Chester, E.T., Mitchell, B.D., Matthews, T.G., 2012. Disturbance and the role of refuges in mediterranean climate streams. Hydrobiologia, in press.

Rolon, A.S., Maltchik, L., 2010. Does flooding of rice fields after cultivation contribute to wetland plant conservation in southern Brazil? Applied Vegetation Science, 13, 26-35. Rutherford, J.C., Blackett, S., et al., 1997. Predicting the effects of shade on water temperature in small streams. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 31, 707-721.

Rutherford, J.C., Marsh, N.A., Davies, P.M., Bunn, S.E., 2004. Effects of patchy shade on stream water temperatures; how quickly do small streams heat and cool? Marine and Freshwater Research, 55, 737-748.

Ryan, T., Webb, A., Lennie, R., et al., 2001. Status of Cold Water Releases from Victorian Dams. Report produced for Catchment and Water, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Victoria.

Rysava-Novakova, M., Ondrackova, M., Juradja, P., 2009. The importance of surrogate habitats in lowland river floodplains for fish community composition. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 16, 468-477.

Schaefer, J. F., Marsh-Matthews, E., Spooner, D. E., Gido, K. B., Matthews, W. J., 2003. Effects of barriers and thermal refugia on local movement of the threatened leopard darter, Percina pantherina,Environmental Biology of Fishes, 66, 391-400. Service, R.F., 2011. Will busting dams boost salmon? Science, 334, 888-892.

Sheldon, F., Bunn, S.E., Hughes, J.M., Arthington, A.H., Balcombe, S.R., Fellows, C.S., 2010. Ecological roles and threats to aquatic refugia in arid landscapes: dryland river waterholes. Marine and Freshwater Research, 61, 885-895.

Sherman, B. S., 2000. Scoping Options for Mitigating Cold Water Discharges from Dams. Consultancy Report00/21. CSIRO Land and Water, Canberra, ACT.

Sinclair Knight Merz, 2005. Temperature monitoring of dam releases in Victorian Rivers 2002-2004. Report produced for Environmental Flows and River Health Division, Department of Sustainability and Environment. Melbourne, September 2005.

Smith, J.B., Lenhart, S.S., 1996. Climate change adaptation policy options. Climate Research, 6, 193-201.

Stanley, E.H., Doyle, M.W., 2003. Trading off: the ecological effects of dam removal. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 1, 15-22.

Stenert, C., Bacca, R.C., Maltchik, L., Rocha, O., 2009. Can hydrologic management practices of rice fields contribute to macroinvertebrate conservation in southern Brazil wetlands? Hydrobiologia, 635, 229-350.

Stewart, B.A., 2009. Two aquatic bioregions proposed for the South Coast Region, Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 92: 277-287 Sutton, R., Soto, T., 2010. Juvenile coho salmon behavioural characteristics in Klamath river summer thermal refugia. River Research and Applications, 28, 338-346

Tate, K. W., Lancaster, D. L., Lile, D. F., 2007. Assessment of thermal stratification within stream pools as a mechanism to provide refugia for native trout in hot, arid rangelands. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 124, 289-300.

Victorian Environmental Water Holder, 2011. Seasonal Watering Plan 2011–12. Schedule 3: Yarra System. Prepared by Melbourne Water for the Victorian Environmental Water Holder.

Victorian Environmental Water Holder, 2012. Seasonal Watering Plan 2012–13. Prepared by Melbourne Water for the Victorian Environmental Water Holder.

Vinson, M. R., 2001. Long-term dynamics of an invertebrate assemblage downstream from a large dam. Ecological Applications, 11, 711-730.

Walker, K. F., 1979. Regulated Streams in Australia: the Murray Darling River System. In: (eds: Ward, J.V. & Stanford, J.A.) The Ecology of Regulated Streams, pp 143-163. Ward, J.V., Stanford, J.A., 1982. Thermal response in the evolutionary ecology of aquatic insects. Annual Review of Entomology. 27: 97-117.

Watts, R.J., Richter, B.D., Opperman, J.J., Bowmer, K.H., 2011. Dam reoperation in an era of climate change. Marine and Freshwater Research, 62, 321-327.

World Commission on Dams (WCD), 2000. Dams and development: a new framework for decision-making. Earthscan Publications, London. 356 pp.

Wickson, S., Chester, E.T., Robson, B.J., 2012. Aestivation provides flexible mechanisms for survival of stream drying in a larval trichopteran (Leptoceridae). Marine and Freshwater Research, 63, 821-826.

Williams, P., Whitfield, M., Biggs, J., 2008. How can we make new ponds biodiverse? A case study monitored over seven years. Hydrobiologia, 597, 137-148.