Complex Mosaic patterns also known as Girih are popular forms of architectural art in many
Muslim cultures.
Moroccan zellige work
From the 15th century the number of smaller Islamic courts began to fall, as the Ottoman Empire, and later the Safavids and European powers, swallowed them up; this had an effect on Islamic art, which was usually strongly led by the patronage of the court. From at least the 18th century onwards, elite Islamic art was increasingly influenced by European styles, and in the applied arts either largely adopted Western styles, or ceased to develop, retaining whatever style was prevalent at some point in the late 18th or early 19th centuries. Many industries with very long histories, such as pottery in Iran, largely closed, while others, like metalwork in brass, became generally frozen in style, with much of their production going to tourists or exported as oriental exotica.
The carpet industry has remained large, but mostly uses designs that originated before 1700, and competes with machine-made imitations both locally and around the world. Arts and crafts with a broader social base, like the zellige mosaic tiles of the Mahgreb, have often survived better. Islamic countries have developed modern and contemporary art, with very vigorous art worlds in some countries, but the degree to which these should be grouped in a special category as "Islamic art" is questionable, although many artists deal with Islam-related themes, and use traditional elements such as calligraphy.
Notes
Art history series Prehistoric art Ancient art history Western art history Eastern art history Islamic art history Western painting
Islamic art 179
History of painting Art history History of art
[1] Marilyn Jenkins-Madina, Richard Ettinghausen and Oleg Grabar, 2001, Islamic Art and Architecture: 650-1250, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-08869-4, p.3; Brend, 10
[2] Davies, Penelope J.E. Denny, Walter B. Hofrichter, Frima Fox. Jacobs, Joseph. Roberts, Ann M. Simon, David L. Janson's History of Art, Prentice Hall; 2007, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Severth Edition, ISBN 0-13-193455-4 pg. 277
[3] "MSN Encarta: Islamic Art and architecture" (http://www.webcitation.org/5kwrZY56V). Archived from the original (http://encarta.msn.
com/encyclopedia_761577725/Islamic_Art_and_Architecture.html) on 2009-10-31. . [4] Madden (1975), pp.423-430
[5] Thompson, Muhammad; Begum, Nasima. "Islamic Textile Art: Anomalies in Kilims" (http://www.turkotek.com/salon_00101/salon.
html). Salon du Tapis d'Orient. TurkoTek. . Retrieved 25 August 2009.
[6] Alexenberg, Melvin L. (2006). The future of art in a digital age: from Hellenistic to Hebraic consciousness. Intellect Ltd. p. 55.
ISBN 1841501360.
[7] Backhouse, Tim. "Only God is Perfect" (http://www.geometricdesign.co.uk/perfect.htm). Islamic and Geometric Art. . Retrieved 25 August 2009.
[8] The Arab Contribution to Islamic Art: From the Seventh to the Fifteenth Centuries (http://books.google.com/books?id=rpUuqLPPKK4C&
dq=wijdan&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=QXySmKzsy6&sig=a9V6tTTfsrTT5Ex01QGnwrL7XYY), Wijdan Ali, American Univ in Cairo Press, December 10, 1999, ISBN 977-424-476-1
[9] From the Literal to the Spiritual: The Development of the Prophet Muhammad's Portrayal from 13th Century Ilkhanid Miniatures to 17th Century Ottoman Art (http://www2.let.uu.nl/solis/anpt/EJOS/pdf4/07Ali.pdf), Wijdan Ali, EJOS (Electronic Journal of Oriental Studies) (http://www2.let.uu.nl/Solis/anpt/ejos/EJOS-1.html), volume IV, issue 7, p. 1-24, 2001
[10] Arts, p. 223. see nos. 278-290
[11] Davies, Penelope J.E. Denny, Walter B. Hofrichter, Frima Fox. Jacobs, Joseph. Roberts, Ann M. Simon, David L. Janson's History of Art, Prentice Hall; 2007, Upper Saddle, New Jersey. Seventh Edition, ISBN 0-13-193455-4 pg. 298
[12] King and Sylvester, throughout, but 9-28, 49-50, & 59 in particular [13] King and Sylvester, 27, 61-62, as "The Medici Mamluk Carpet"
[14] King and Sylvester, 59-66, 79-83
[15] King and Sylvester: Spanish carpets: 11-12, 50-52; Balkans: 77 and passim [16] Mason (1995), p. 5
[17] Henderson, J.; McLoughlin, S. D.; McPhail, D. S. (2004). "Radical changes in Islamic glass technology: evidence for conservatism and experimentation with new glass recipes from early and middle Islamic Raqqa, Syria". Archaeometry 46 (3): 439–68.
doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2004.00167.x [18] Mason (1995), p. 7
[19] Arts, 206-207
[20] See Rawson throughout; Canby, 120-123, and see index; Jones & Mitchell, 206-211
[21] Savage, 175, suggests that the Persians had made some experiments towards producing it, and the earliest European porcelain, Medici porcelain, was made in the late 16th century, perhaps with a Persian or Levantine assistant on the team.
[22] Baer, Eva (1983). Metalwork in Medieval Islamic Art. State University of New York Press. pp. 58, 86, 143, 151, 176, 201, 226, 243, 292, 304. ISBN 0873956028
[23] Arts, 131, 135. The Introduction (pp. 131-135) is by Ralph Pinder-Wilson, who shared the catalogue entries with Waffiya Essy.
[24] Encyclopaedia Judaica, "Glass", Online version (http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0007_0_07392.html) [25] Arts, 131-133
[26] Arts, 131, 141 [27] Arts, 141
[28] Endnote 111 in Roman glass: reflections on cultural change (http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ONUFZfcEkBgC&pg=RA1-PA88&
dq=Islamic+glass+Jewish&hl=en&ei=CRdUTcrcFYHQhAepnb2vCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&
ved=0CFMQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Islamic glass Jewish&f=false), Fleming, Stuart. see also endnote 110 for Jewish glassworkers [29] Arts, 131, 133-135
[30] Arts, 131-135, 141-146; quote, 134 [31] Arts, 134-135
[32] Hadithic texts against gold and silver vessels (http://www.searchtruth.com/book_display.php?book=24&translator=2) [33] Arts, 201, and earlier pages for animal shapes.
[34] But see Arts, 170, where the standard view is disputed [35] Arts, 157-160, and exhibits 161-204
[36] See the relevant sections in "Arts"
Islamic art 180
[37] Arts, 120-121
[38] Table in the Victoria & Albert Museum [39] Rogers and Ward, 156
[40] Arts, 147-150, and exhibits following [41] Arts, 65-68; 74, no. 3
[42] Louvre, Suaire de St-Josse (http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice_popup.jsp?CONTENT<>cnt_id=10134198673226262&
CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE<>cnt_id=10134198673226262&FOLDER<>folder_id=9852723696500781). Exhibited as no. 4 in Arts, 74.
[43] Arts, 68, 71, 82-86, 106-108, 110-111, 114-115; File:Shirleys.JPG\Image of Persian silks from c. 1627 [44] Gruber, World of Art
[45] Hillenbrand (1999), p.40 [46] Hillenbrand (1999), p.54 [47] Hillenbrand (1999), p.58 [48] Hillenbrand (1999), p.89 [49] Hillenbrand (1999), p.91 [50] Hillenbrand (1999), Chapter 4 [51] Hillenbrand, p.100
[52] Hillenbrand, p.128-131
References
Books and journals
• Ettinghausen, Richard; Oleg Grabar, Marilyn Jenkins-Madina (2003). Islamic Art and Architecture 650-1250 (2nd ed.). Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300088694.
• Bloom, Sheila and Jonathan, eds., Rivers of Paradise: Water in Islamic Art and Culture, Yale University Press, 2009.
• Canby, Sheila R. (ed). Shah Abbas; The Remaking of Iran, 2009, British Museum Press, ISBN 9780714124520
• "Arts": Jones, Dalu & Michell, George, (eds); The Arts of Islam, Arts Council of Great Britain, 1976, ISBN 0728700816
• King, Donald and Sylvester, David eds. The Eastern Carpet in the Western World, From the 15th to the 17th century, Arts Council of Great Britain, London, 1983, ISBN 0728703629
• Madden, Edward H. (1975). "Some Characteristics of Islamic Art". Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 33 (4).
• Mason, Robert B. (1995). "New Looks at Old Pots: Results of Recent Multidisciplinary Studies of Glazed Ceramics from the Islamic World". Muqarnas: Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture (Brill Academic Publishers) XII. ISBN 90-04-10314-7.
• Ali, Wijdan (2001). "From the Literal to the Spiritual: The Development of the Prophet Muhammad's Portrayal from 13th Century Ilkhanid Miniatures to 17th Century Ottoman Art" (http://www2.let.uu.nl/solis/anpt/
EJOS/pdf4/07Ali.pdf) (PDF). EJOS 4 (7).
• Hillenbrand, Robert. Islamic Art and Architecture, Thames & Hudson World of Art series; 1999, London. ISBN 978050020305.
• Levey, Michael; The World of Ottoman Art, 1975, Thames & Hudson, ISBN 0500270651
• Rawson, Jessica, Chinese Ornament: The lotus and the dragon, 1984, British Museum Publications, ISBN 0714114316
• Rogers J.M. and Ward R.M.; Süleyman the Magnificent, 1988, British Museum Publications ISBN 0714114405
• Savage, George. Porcelain Through the Ages, Penguin, (2nd edn.) 1963 Encyclopedias
• The New Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, Incorporated; Rev Ed edition. 2005. ISBN 978-1-59339-236-9.
Islamic art 181
External links
• Museum With No Frontiers (http://www.lslam.info/): extensive site on Islamic art
• Muslim Heritage (http://www.muslimheritage.com/virtual_civilization/default.cfm)
• CalligraphyIslamic: Extensive site on Islamic Visual Art (http://calligraphyislamic.com/)
• BBC Four documentary on art in Islamic Spain (http://video.google.co.uk/
videoplay?docid=-5737979011492845533&hl=en-GB)
• Palace and Mosque: Islamic Art from the Victoria and Albert Museum at the National Gallery of Art, Washington (http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/2004/islamic/index.shtm)
• Artistic Exchange: Europe and the Islamic World Selections from the Permanent Collection at the National Gallery of Art (http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/2004/artexchange/artexchange_ss.shtm)
• Islamic Art Network - Thesaurus Islamicus Foundation (http://www.islamic-art.org)
• Islamic Art Review (http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/art/index.html)
• What is Islamic Art? (http://www.islamicamagazine.com/content/view/81/61/) an article by Lucien de Guise
• "Style in Islamic Art" (http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/1342_islamic_middle_east/index.
php?id=1000). Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved 2007-06-16.