Anexo 1: El Plan director de sistemas de información del

This thesis finds that there is a role for planning organisations and planning practices in shaping urban energy infrastructure; this role is driven by the scale of such infrastructure versus traditional government boundaries, the association of DHC to specific locations and land uses, and the ability of governments to use planning interventions to shape future development. Each of these factors has implications for policy and for the practice of planning. The locally specific and cross- or sub- boundary nature of DHC creates political and administrative challenges for DHC as a policy goal. Planning practice has experience in overcoming these conceptual boundaries for other issues (e.g. housing provision) through the activities of spatial planning and development control. The findings imply that urban policy should encourage the use of planning tools and practices to influence energy flows and infrastructure in cities. Existing practices and methods of planning for other topics should and could be applied to energy masterplanning.

Policy recommendations

Chapter 11 described roles for planning organisations and planners in delivering DHC. Including energy infrastructure and consumption patterns in spatial planning and land use processes is

197 recommended as the most important role because it can initiate governance networks for DHC.

But the market regulation and incentive interventions of planning are also important, particularly for areas of new urban development. Informal or legal traditions about market intervention for environmental goals might constrain planning activity, but the successful case studies show that when coupled with supportive local elected officials, market regulations and incentives can be powerful drivers for creating DHC.

The findings raise questions about the appropriate scale for future planning policy which integrates energy concerns. Historically arrangements of scale in planning have often taken economic (region), historical (conservation), or ecological (watershed) dimensions. Many countries already have national polices for energy efficiency, feed in tariffs, and the location of large scale generation. This research suggests that some energy efficiency concerns - the sharing of waste or excess heat, localised generation or the use of DHC - should be addressed through fine grain district energy plans.

This case study analysis described how other actors perceive of planning organisations and their role in energy management. With the exception of Barcelona, the planning departments are not assumed by other actors to be a particularly useful organisation even when the process of public sector planning for DHC was perceived to be important. To some extent this stems from the emerging nature of energy as an important resource for cities to manage, and from a historical focus of planning organisations on land use and urban growth. However this perception should be tackled within both urban policy, theory, and practice because issues of sustainable development are now predominately urban and, as this research shows, there is an important role for planning in managing resource use in urban areas. Publications such as Planning for Sustainable Cities (UN-HABITAT, 2009) and the C40 Cities report Climate Action in Megacities (2011) have begun to illustrate the potential of planning organisations and interventions in addressing environmental concerns, but the message about the positive environmental potential of proactive visions for urban development still has far to spread.

Finally, the research reinforces the importance of understanding the existing landscape of energy ownership in supporting DHC. And while this is emphasised by Offner, Marvin, Graham, Guy and others, the case studies illustrated that the complexity of energy governance has not overtly cascaded into practical recommendations or urban policy. This could be remedied through practical guidance and by broadening social studies of urban infrastructure to include a more detailed understanding of the potential of spatially minded intermediaries. In both practice and theory, one route to understanding energy in cities is through mapping of 'chains' of influence and focusing on intermediaries who create new formats of practice and engagement, as recommended by Guy, Marvin et al.

The case studies also identified that knowledge and understanding of DHC is a challenge for planners, other local government employees, and local elected officials. Publications such as the TCPA's Community Energy: Planning, Development and Delivery (2008) and Energy:

198 Looking to the Future. A Tool for Strategic Planning (Sherriff & Turcu, 2012) seek to address this but more could be done by both academic and professional bodies.

Implications for the practice of delivering DHC in cities

The research reinforces how urban government and urban governance of energy infrastructure are both critical to achieving greater sustainability in cites. On reflection the cases illustrate a limited level of power and capability in local authorities over local utility infrastructure. Given the significant influence of formal institutional settings on actor capabilities, national and international advocacy should be calling to give local government actors more powers and capacity over utility infrastructure. The research suggests that if DHC is sought as an environmental policy goal, the governance network will have a greater chance of success if city governments understand and seek more influence over local fuel sources (e.g. waste), promote a better understanding by local elected politicians, and seek to gain a level of influence over non-local private energy utilities.

As a minimum, the following four actions would be helpful for supporting the implementation of DHC networks. One, adapt the scope of planning activities in the city to require the planning department to undertake energy mapping as part of standard spatial planning activity, prioritising areas of regeneration or development. In areas with large scale development or regeneration, the planning department should use all available market interventions to support DHC. This could range from encouraging and raising awareness through to mandating the construction of DHC pipework and a tax to pay for the generating plant. Two, undertake a programme of education for local councillors and relevant local government employees about DHC, emphasising the benefits to them and their constituents.

Three, host open discussions with energy companies, interested local residents, and local government employees about the potential for DHC in specific places, but without any commitment about who pays for what. Planning officials could potentially facilitate this engagement, building on public engagement methodologies for urban design and other planning activity. This research has shown that these non-negotiation spaces help create a shared goal for DHC and enable better understanding of actor preferences and capabilities. And finally, require local government officers to develop an action plan for the use of any waste heat or local energy sources in the city and for the creation of DHC networks wherever heat or cooling densities prove sufficient. This could outline, for example, whether the authority intends to build the network itself, operate a concession approach, or support local residents in creating locally owned energy companies. It should include an awareness of ownership of existing utilities.

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