Anexos

ideographic nature of the analysis (Smith et al., 2009). However, tentative suggestions will be made for how the findings from the current study, framed within a systemic perspective, can be applied to professional practice and inform future research (Table 4).

Implications for EP Practice

Cameron (2006, p. 292) argues that the unique contribution of an EP, in applying psychology, is “to provide an integrated and coherent perspective of complex environments,…the complex problems and situations which occur in such environments…and the complex needs of people which results from such problems”. In applying concepts from cognitive dissonance theory (Festinger, 1957) and a joint family and school system approach (Dowling & Osborne, 2003) within a bioecological paradigm (Bronfenbrenner, 1979; Bronfenbrenner & Ceci, 1994), links between a variety of personal, interpersonal and contextual factors reported from the perspective of the parent have been illustrated, and may offer opportunities for EPs to work in a variety of different ways to explore how the test taking experience is

understood. A selection of possible ways in which EPs can work at a number of different levels within this context is presented below.

Individual and Microsystemic Levels:

• Engaging with children at an individual level to explore personal constructs around themselves as learners and the experience of taking tests, as well as possible assessment work to ascertain factors that may impact upon a child’s academic ability.

• Use of tools within consultation with children, parents and/or school staff to draw attention to and illustrate conflicting or polarizing views that may allow for exploration of cognitive dissonance across the system. Such tools could include: activities underpinned by concepts from personal construct psychology (Kelly, 1955), such as a repertory grid method or Moran’s (2001) drawing the ideal self; and practices within motivational interviewing (Miller & Rollnick, 1991), which is arguably underpinned by cognitive dissonance theory, such as amplified reflection to emphasise the dissonance, and reframing

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when individuals use statements to justify behaviour as this could be considered to be adding consistent cognitions in an attempt to reduce dissonance (Draycott & Dabbs, 1998).

• Use of questioning techniques within consultation, such as circular questioning (Dowling, 2003; Tomm, 1988), which originates within the field of systemic family therapy and therefore has relevance to the current study’s application of Dowling and Osborne’s (2003) joint family and school systems approach. Circular questions are used to explore the relationships between individuals, a super-superordinate theme in the current research, as well as considering different individuals’ beliefs and subsequent behaviour, placing the focus on connections between these factors rather than attributing causes of behaviour (Campbell, Draper & Huffington, 1991; Dowling, 2003). If appropriate, an EP could utilise this approach in group consultations with parents and school staff when discussing the impact of the test experience.

Exosystemic Level:

• EPs are arguably well-placed to work at a whole-school level and explore what impact the tests may have on the school environment, illustrated in the current study through the parents’ external attributions informing CONSTRUCTIONS OF CHILD’S EXPERIENCE. EPs could adopt a researcher role in exploring the test experience within a particular school from the perspective of different individuals within the school community, with the aim of

understanding how the test experience impacts across the system. This could possibly follow an action research process, as developed by Lewin (1946) to support the development of relationships between different groups and sustain co-operation and

communication (Adelman, 1993), with the EP supporting school staff, and possibly parents and pupils, to engage in the cycle of exploration of how the test experience is impacting upon that specific school system, and what could be done differently as a result of the findings.

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• Given the proposed changes to the national curriculum in Wales and the current changing context of education nationally (WG, 2017b), it may be appropriate for EPs to engage in dialogue with individuals within Welsh Government responsible for devising the national tests to offer feedback on how the national tests are perceived and experienced by parents, as well as other key individuals within the system if further research in this area is undertaken.

Suggestions for Future

Research

As acknowledged within the limitations of the current research, many parents’ accounts reflected their interpretation of their child or children’s experience of the tests. It would be valuable to explore, in detail, children’s experience and perceptions of the national tests. In addition, the findings, and subsequent discussion within a systemic perspective, highlighted the role of the school within the test experience. School staff do not have a voice in the current research, although the role that teachers play within the test experience has been acknowledged by the parents, both in terms of the parent-school relationship and the impact of teachers’ constructions of the test towards children. Therefore it would be apposite to consider the perspectives of staff throughout the hierarchy of the school system in relation to the national tests, in an attempt to triangulate information to contribute further to the examination of the experience of national tests in primary schools. This could be achieved through a case study approach within one school setting, exploring the perspectives of various individuals within the school community.

In addition, given the current study’s findings regarding cognitive dissonance, it may be useful to explore this hypothesis further to examine if cognitive dissonance is apparent in other aspects of the system e.g. across school staff and children.

Finally, given the paucity of research exploring the parental voice within the test experience, it may be informative for a similar replication study

exploring parents’ perceptions of SATs to be undertaken in the English context in order to fill the gap in the existing literature of SATs specifically.

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Table 4: Suggestions for how the current findings can be applied to EP practice and informing future research.