1. EL CONCEPTO DE ANGUSTIA EN SÖREN KIERKEGAARD
1.3. MANIFESTACIÓN DE LA ANGUSTIA ANTE LA ESPIRITUALIDAD
1.3.4. Angustia y fe
B. cinerea and R. stolonifer isolated from diseased strawberries were grown on PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) for 10‐14 days at 20 °C. After 10‐14 days growth, 5 mL of sterile peptone water was pipetted onto the surface of the fungal colony and a sterile spreader was used to mix fungal spores (conidia) into the peptone water, creating a spore suspension. One mL of the spore suspension was then added to Microbank® beads (Pro‐Lab Diagnostics, Austin, Texas, USA) and stored at ‐75 °C. When required, one bead was removed and placed on PDA and incubated for 10‐14 days at 20 °C. Pure cultures were prepared by transferring a small proportion of mycelium with the use of a straight wire to PDA in Petri dishes, and incubated at 20 °C for 14 days. From these two cultures 40 PDA coated Petri dishes were inoculated with the use of a straight wire and incubated at 20 °C for 24 h to develop fungal colonies. In each case, after
24 h, twenty (20) Petri dishes were kept at atmospheric pressure (101 kPaa) while the other 20 were subjected to 50 kPaa for 4 h. All Petri dishes were subsequently returned to 20 °C, with the mean radial growth was observed by measuring colony diameter in two orthogonal directions using callipers. The experiment was completed when the cultures reached the edges of Petri dishes. For B. cinerea, 8 measures were conducted over 48 h, while for R. stolonifer, 10 measures were analysed over 12 h. This experiment would help in understanding if there is any long‐term inhibition of fungal germination due to short hypobaric treatment.
For spore germination study, conidia from pure cultures were harvested by suspending in sterile water containing 0.03% (v/v) Tween20. This conidial suspension was then filtered through a sterile cheese cloth. The concentration of the filtrate was adjusted with the help of haemocytometer to around 104 spores mL‐1 by adding sterile water, 10 μL of this suspension was spread on each Petri slide and incubated at 20 °C for 2 h (B. cinerea) and 5 h (R. stolonifer). In each case, after 1‐2 spores showed signs of germination, twenty (20) Petri slides were kept at atmospheric pressure (101 kPaa), whereas the other 20 were subjected to 50 kPaa for 4 h. All Petri slides were subsequently incubated at 20 °C. Approximately 200 spores per replicate were counted for germination rate under microscope after 4 h of treatment.
4.2.2 Oxygen treatment experiment
Field grown ‘Camarosa’ strawberries were obtained from a commercial grower in Whanganui region, New Zealand. On arrival at Massey University, bruised and
damaged fruit were removed from the population. Fruit with calyx and pedicel were selected for experimental work.
Fifty six clamshells (≈ 250 g each) of about 12–15 sound fruit were selected and were divided into two treatments: ≈ 10% O2 treatment for 4 h, or atmospheric conditions (≈ 21% O2) for the same time at 20 °C. Strawberries in clamshells were kept in 7 L airtight Perspex boxes (6 clamshells in each box) at 20 °C and exposed to 10% O2 (at 101 kPaa) or control (21% O2) by supplying the desired humidified gas mixture in a flow through system. The 10% O2 treatment was achieved by reducing the oxygen content of air through mixing with nitrogen (BOC, Auckland, New Zealand). The flow rate of both treatments was maintained (0.5 L min‐1) for 4 h, to ensure no modification of the gas environment due to strawberry respiration.
For natural rot, 4 clamshells per treatment were assessed destructively on each sampling day, with rot incidence determined by visually examining each berry. Fruit with visible decay were counted and the results recorded as percentage of rot incidence per clamshell. Observations of decay development were recorded daily.
4.2.3 Inoculation of strawberry with B. cinerea and R. stolonifer
In a third experiment strawberries were inoculated with fungal spores in order to investigate the possibility of induced resistance by hypobaric treatment. B. cinerea and R. stolonifer were isolated from diseased strawberries, grown on PDA and incubated at 20 °C until conidia developed. Cultures were prepared by transferring a small proportion of mycelia, with the use of a straight wire to PDA. After 7 days the conidia
from each pure culture were harvested by suspending in sterile water containing 0.03% (v/v) Tween20. This conidial suspension was then filtered through a sterile cheese cloth. The concentration of the filtrate was adjusted to approximately 104 spores mL‐1 with the addition of sterile water by estimating fungal spore concentration through the use of a haemocytometer.
Four hundred (400) hydroponically grown ‘Camarosa’ strawberries were obtained from Massey University Plant Growth Unit, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Strawberries were disinfected by dipping in commercial grade NaClO solution (2%) for 5 seconds. After drying the fruit at room temperature, each fruit was placed in a cylindrical plastic container (Figure 4.1) with a porous lid to avoid cross‐contamination and ensure respiration. Half of the fruit were treated with hypobaric pressure (50 kPaa for 4 h), with the others used as a control (101 kPaa). Each strawberry fruit from both groups was inoculated by spreading 10 μL of spore suspension (104 mL‐1) of B. cinerea or R. stolonifer on the surface 0, 6, 12, 18 or 24 h after hypobaric treatment.
For each inoculation time, 20 individual strawberries were repeatedly assessed daily for rot severity. The extent of macroscopic fungal development of individual strawberry fruit was externally analysed by estimating the affected area percentage of each fruit to nearest 10%. From these figures, mean percentage severity of infected strawberry fruit was calculated.
Figure 4.1 Each strawberry placed in a separate container to avoid cross
contamination.
4.2.4 Hypobaric treatment and subsequent storage
Hypobaric pressure was generated in a hermetically sealed tank with a vacuum pump. Clamshells/containers of strawberries were placed inside the tank at 20 °C as described in section 3.2.2. Samples were subsequently stored after pressure treatment at 20 °C and 80–90% RH.