• A universal capacity to prevent, minimize, or overcome the damaging effects of adversity (Grotberg, 1995).
• Not invulnerable or “stress resistant,” but rather competent or
able to effectively adapt to one’s environment
• Types
1. Overcoming the Odds:
• Attainment of positive outcomes despite high-risk
environment
2. Sustained Competence Under Stress:
• Ability to cope with chronic environmental and
interpersonal stress and maintain external equilibrium
3. Recovery from Trauma:
• Functioning well after an intensely stressful event
Although, there is no comparable word in Spanish, women understand the concept of overcoming adversity with courage, skills, and faith especially during their transition from womanhood to motherhood. A good way to think about resilience is that in physics, relaxation is the restoration of equilibrium following disturbance.
Resilience in real life can be understood as:
“Observing a normal or even exceptionally positive developmental outcome in spite of exposure to major risk for the development of serious social or health outcomes” (Fraser, Kirby, & Smokowski, 2004)
The bridge between surviving and thriving by faring well when confronted with adversity (Jenson & Fraser, 2016).
“The capacity to rebound from adversity, having to become strengthened and more resourceful” (Cox, 1978).
“Active process of endurance, self-righting, and growth in response to crisis and challenge” (Walsh, 2006).
“A dynamic process encompassing positive adaptation within the context of serious adversity” (Luthar, Cicchetti, & Becker, 2000).
“Good outcomes in spite of serious threats to adaptation or development” (Masten 2001, p. 228).
“The result of negotiations between individuals and their environments to maintain a self-definition as healthy” (Ungar, 2004, p. 23).
There are 3 types of resilience:
1. Think of the first type of resilience, or overcoming the odds, as the presence of protective factors that prevent the onset of a problem.
2. Sustained competence under stress can be understood as the presence of protective factors that mitigate the effects of a problem.
3. Recovery from trauma may also be referred to as “bouncing back” after experiencing a negative state instead of maintaining the problem condition. As described by Cabrera (2013) in the Society for Research in Child Development’s social policy report, “sources of resilience may be culturally-based, deriving from cultural traditions, values, languages, and strong ethnic identity.”
For example, the report explains that “for first time in its history, half (49.9%) of American children under the age of five are of a non-White racial or ethnic minority group, according to 2012 U. S. Census Bureau estimates. In addition, the cognitive advantage of being bilingual or the strong social or oral narrative skills that some minority children bring to the classroom are developmental assets that can explain why some minority children exceed expectations (Gardner-Neblett, Pungello, & Iruka, 2012; Galindo, Fuller, 2010). Similarly, the formation of a strong ethnic identity can be an important predictor of positive outcomes for children (Phinney, Ong, & Madden, 2000; Smith, Levine, Smith, Prinz, & Dumas, 2009; Yip, Seaton & Sellers, 2006; Yip & Shelton, 2012).”
It is important to remember that research suggests that “the experience of ‘everyday’ and ‘tolerable’ stress may have benefits for children’s development of self-regulatory and coping skills, such as having a greater propensity for resilience when adverse life events occur” (Seery, 2011). This means that not all of stress is bad nor created equal. New research reveals that overall, minority children show strengths in at least 3 domains of development: social, language, and ethnic identity (Cabrera, 2013). 1. Social competence: “Self-regulation, defined as one’s ability to manage one’s
behavior, emotions, and attention voluntarily and adaptively, is strongly predictive of children’s success in school. Self-regulated children are also likely to be socially competent (i.e., able to cooperate and get along with others), which also
promotes school readiness.”
a) For example, “Mexican American youth engage in relatively higher levels of prosocial behaviors—actions intended to benefit others—than European American youth” (Knight & Carlo, 2012).
2. Linguistic Strengths: “bilingual children are reported to have enhanced executive control in nonverbal tasks requiring conflict resolution as compared to
monolingual children (Bialystok & Craik, 2010; Cummins, 2001; Diamond, 2010). However, there are also costs to being bilingual, at least initially, such as having smaller vocabularies and weaker access to lexical items.”
3. Ethnic Identity: “the central premise of racial socialization research is that positive youth outcomes (competence, confidence, character, connection, and caring) are often directly supported through traditional racial socialization messages (e.g., preparation for bias, self-worth and egalitarianism; Evans et al., 2012). Security and pride in one’s own racial and ethnic identity promote more positive peer and family relationships and self-esteem among racial and ethnic minorities (Neblett, Rivas-Drake, & Umaña-Taylor, 2012; Phinney, 1993). Consistent with the idea that a group-based identity might be helpful to youth, studies of collective efficacy—a sense of connectedness and willingness to intervene to encourage or sanction peer behavior among diverse African American, Latinx and majority youth—have shown that it is related to reduced problem behavior and substance use (Smith, Osgood, Caldwell, Hynes, & Perkins, 2013). “
Here are some guidelines to help foster resilience from the Grotber (1995) article: To overcome adversities, children draw from three sources of resilience features labelled: “I HAVE, I AM, I CAN.” It is important to mention that a resilient child does not need all of these features to be resilient, but they need at least one to be successful.
I HAVE: “People around me I trust and who love me, no matter what. People who set limits for me so I know when to stop before there is danger or trouble. People who show me how to do things right by the way they do things. People who want me to learn to do things on my own. People who help me when I am sick, in danger or need to learn.”
I AM: “A person people can like and love. Glad to do nice things for others and show my concern. Respectful of myself and others. Willing to be responsible for what I do. Sure things will be all right.”
I CAN: “Talk to others about things that frighten me or bother me, Find ways to solve problems that I face. Control myself when I feel like doing something not right or dangerous. Figure out when it is a good time to talk to someone or to take action. Find someone to help me when I need it.”
References:
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