Antecedentes Internacionales

We collected monthly (720 hours), in spring and summer 2006-2007, by use of Malaise traps for monitoring Ecological indicators, parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera:Ichneumonidae). We recently designed our monitoring with the orientations and conclusion [43]. We used statistical analyses of contingence through the Pearson’s squared Chi test, χ² (see Table 1), calculated by:

( )

∑

= eij

eij

fij ²

χ

82

Our results suggest that the abundances of parasitoids (Hymenoptera:

Ichneumonidae) differed significantly (16,1151433 > 5,992(2,0,0.5)) in the Ecotone zone (more abundance) compared with the old-growth unmanaged forests.

Table 1: Analyses of contingence used to compare the relative abundance of parasitoids (summer 2006-2007).

Forest Dec-Jan Jan-Feb Feb-Mar Total

Unmanaged 1 0 4 5

χ2 1,513761468 2,47706422 1,00917431

Ecotone 32 54 18 104

χ2 31,48623853 51,5229358 20,9908257

Total 33 54 22 109

Another collected monthly ecological indicator (Hymenoptera and spiders) was since spring 2007 (November 07) till autumn 2008 (June 08). In this collected accounting, the relative abundance was measured of wasps (Hymenoptera:

Aculeata) and Araneae in old-growth, and second-growth managed and unmanaged forests and the Ecotone zone (with exotic coniferous) (Fig. 3, 4, 5, 6). The not yet considered relative abundance was in the old-growth unmanaged forest between May-Jun 08; the old-growth managed forest Feb 08); the Ecotone zone (Jan-Mar 08); and the second-growth managed forest (May-Jun 08).

Nov-Dec 07 Managed and Unmanaged the Native Rainforests

Ol d-growth Forest unmanaged Ol d-growth Forest managed Ecotone

Month

Abundance Relativa of Hymenoptera

Fig. 3. Relative abundance of Aculeata (Hymenoptera) in old-growth managed and unmanaged forest (November 2007 – June. 2008)

83

Fig. 4. Relative abundance of Aculeata (Hymenoptera) in Second-growth managed and unmanaged forest (November 2007 – June 2008)

Nov-Dec 07 Dec-Jan 07/08 Jan-Feb 08 Feb-Mar 08 Mar-Abr 08 Abr-May 08 May-Jun 08 0

Fig. 5. Relative abundance of Araneae in old-growth managed and unmanaged forest (November 2007 – June. 2008)

84

Nov-Dec 07 Dec-Jan 07/08 Jan-Feb 08 Feb-Mar 08 Mar-Abr 08 Abr-May 08 May-Jun 08 0

Change Abundance Relative of Araneae Managed and Unmanaged Native Rainforests

Fig. 6. Relative abundance of Araneae in old-growth managed and unmanaged forest (November 2007 – June. 2008)

12. Conclusions

We initially observed the relative abundance of Aculeata (Hymenoptera), increasing in the old-growth managed forest and the Ecotone zone, compared with the unmanaged old-growth forest (Fig. 3). The same pattern was observed for the growth managed forest and the Ecotone zone, compared with the second-growth unmanaged forest (Fig. 4). However, this pattern was not clear for Araneae (Fig. 5 and 6). After management, the micro-environments influence insect communities in the understory of forests. For example, canopy gaps provide light to the forest understory and positively affect communities of Homoptera, Diptera and other insect groups. Additionally, the abundance and species richness of wasps are higher in disturbed forest sites which had more light and cover of understory plants. Adults of all the wasps presumably feed on floral and extra-floral nectar. Vegetative rich environments in the forest understory could provide more food resources, both of prey and nectar, for the wasps. The species richness of understory flowering plants was used to indicate the conditions of local habitats.

These conditions of micro-environments include various factors, such as presence of other organisms, soil type and canopy density, which alters light penetration, temperature and moisture. However, vegetation must reflect these biotic and abiotic factors, which act together in setting the stage of an environment, and therefore is simpler to use as indicator [49].

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