ANTECEDENTES 1 Los recursos hídricos

Objective of step: This steps focuses on making sure all cross-cutting issues are recognized,

taken into consideration and built into the M&E system.

Timing: During project design and proposal writing Activities:

3.1 Ensure access by most vulnerable or marginalized groups is monitored 3.2 Ensure gender issues are monitored

3.3 Ensure consideration of HIV/AIDS is monitored where appropriate

3.4 Ensure consideration of the environment, climate change issues and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) are monitored where appropriate

Any M&E system should factor in all cross-cutting issues included in programming, including representation of all groups (with a particular focus on the most vulnerable or marginalized groups), issues of gender, HIV/AIDS and the environment.

3.3.1 Ensure access by most vulnerable or marginalized groups is

monitored

The collection, analysis, and reporting of data should include a breakdown of the most vulnerable socio-demographic groups of the population (by gender; by age, such as children

under five, 5–14 year-olds, those aged 60 and over; pregnant and lactating women; and any other distinctive or marginalized groups e.g. Internally Displaced People, specific ethnic groups, disabled people or Orphans and other Vulnerable Children -OVCs). This M&E focus on marginalized groups will help highlight whether their needs are being addressed and inform project decision-making.

3.3.2 Ensure gender issues are monitored

All data collected, analyzed and reported on should be broken down by sex to look at and address the impact of any unequal power distribution between men and women. Women

may, for example, have less access to or control over resources for themselves and their children, which should be monitored and addressed by the project. Services focusing solely on women may similarly result in negative consequences for men missing out, which again should be monitored and addressed. Activities focusing solely on women, such as livelihoods opportunities, may result in a backlash towards them by men folk if they feel their role in the home or society is being undermined; something that can ultimately have negative consequences for the target female group. Consideration on how to address such issues by sector (e.g. FSL) is detailed in the IASC Gender Handbook. Given such instances, it is important that sex-disaggregated data be collected so that any gender-related issues can be addressed.

Gender-sensitive indicators can be used to point out gender-related changes over time, reflecting on the status and roles of women and men over time, and so assessing gender equity.

Box 3.5: Sample gender sensitive indicators

The following gender-sensitive indicators could be considered: 1. Indicators of participation such as:

• Number of local women’s and men’s groups established

• Membership of groups by sex, and rate of growth or drop-out of membership by sex • Number of women and men in key decision-making positions

• Socio-economic, age and ethnic make-up of women and men attending meetings • Level of input by women and men in project planning, implementation and M&E activities • Number of women and men participating in training

2. Indicators of access:

• Input access and take-up rates by sex (e.g. % of those taking up livelihoods opportunities that are female/male)

3. Indicators of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice:

• Number of women/men indicating increased knowledge or changed attitude or practice 4. Indicators of benefit:

• Benefits going to women/men by socio-economic class, ethnicity and age (e.g. greater crop yields)

• Uses made of community benefits, by sex, class, ethnicity and age • Average household expenditure of female/male headed households

• % of available credit, financial and technical support services going to women/men Source: CIDA (1996), Guide to Gender-Sensitive Indicators

3.3.3 Ensure consideration of HIV/AIDS is monitored where appropriate

A further group for which socio-demographic data can be disaggregated is People Living with HIV/ AIDS (PLWHAs). For example, in the distribution of food assistance, livelihoods or income generation support activities, PLWHAs might be a specific target group. Here data should be collected to highlight whether sufficient support is being provided to cater for the needs of this group and to ensure that this group is not discriminated against (see pages 44-56 of the IASC Guidelines for HIV/AIDS Interventions in Emergency Settings). Consideration of groups marginalized on several fronts, such as HIV and gender, should also be given in programming through considering relevant frameworks, like WHO and UNAIDS Inter Agency Task Team guides ( see bibliography).

3.3.4 Ensure consideration of the environment, climate change issues

and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) are monitored where appropriate

For activities relating to natural resource management, DRM and climate change adaptation, thematic indicators are provided in the indicator framework of this manual (see Toolkit 3). Consideration should be given to collecting, analyzing and reporting on data that reflects the extent to which climate change issues are being addressed, as mapped out in ACF’s Disaster Risk Management and Climate Change Guidelines and Policy, and the Hyogo Framework. This could include instances such as collecting data on activities that improve utilization of scarce resources (e.g. fuel efficient stoves to reduce firewood consumption), activities that promote Disaster Risk Management (e.g.

reforestation) and that optimize land-use (e.g. planting and cultivation practices).

Similarly, data on how vulnerable or resilient communities are to disasters can be collected in line with the framework outlined by John Twigg (see bibliography) to assess the effectiveness of DRM activities.