Apolipoproteína e: la carga genética como factor de riesgo

21 as a pilot project of the Malaysian Government (Kipli, A. 2012). The participation of Miri City Council is exemplary for other local authorities. With more involvement of the local authority participating in Local Agenda 21 will accumulatively boost the implementation of SCD. Local Agenda emphasize on the participatory or bottom up approach to achieve sustainable community development.

2.11 Participatory Bottom-Up Approach to Achieve Sustainable

Community Development

The Local Urban Distress Area (LUDA) regeneration programme in Europe emphasis on a community based approach to improve the quality of life of the community. The

Page | 48 community-based approach calls for the development of an integrated strategy incorporating various stakeholders based on equal opportunities and the right of access to an acceptable standard of living. It creates a collaborative platform, consensus, capacity, strategic alliances and the coalitions needed for cooperation among stakeholders in solving local problems. There is a need to take the lead in representing their views on the problems any deprivation has caused and on what actions are required to solve them (E-Compendium: Handbook E1).

In a developed nation community-based approaches in sustainable community development are practiced via regeneration programmes. Even though the study area in this research is a suburban setting at a developing stage, the experience from a developed nation can be a guide in developing a community based programme. LUDA is a good example of a community-based approach in developed countries, especially in Europe. Such an approach is relevant to the study area with some modifications to meet local needs.

The LUDA integrated strategies developed in the Urban II programme (2002-2006) to handle urban distress involving communities was viewed by the European Commission (EC) as a major step in the right direction (LUDA e-compendium handbook 3).

The key elements of the URBAN II initiative are to support integrative solutions for large urban problems are:

• An integrated approach to tackling numerous social, economic and environmental problems in urban areas.

• Clear targeting of a well-defined area or neighbourhood.

• Whole hearted commitment to citizen involvement and the solving of urban problems at grass root level, and

• The commitment to innovation and the enhancement of the exchange of ideas and experience in relation to sustainable urban regeneration and development in the European Union (EU) (LUDA e-compendium Handbook 2).

The elements in URBAN II are applicable to the study area, addressing as they do issues relating to social aspects, economic aspects and the environment aspects with regard to a well-defined neighbourhood. The main emphasis of the community-based

Page | 49 approach as expounded in the LUDA e- Compendium handbook is to achieve good quality of life for the community. Sustainability Compass Bern, Switzerland, is a good example of the application of the Diamond of Quality of life (each dimension within the Diamond is further directed to a number of objectives and indicators (E-Compendium handbook E7). The holistic ‘Diamond of Quality of Life’ covers five dimensions, namely socio-cultural conditions, environmental conditions, economic conditions, urban (Built) structure and community and institutional capacity (E- Compendium: Handbook E1).

LUDA (2006) described the ‘diamond of quality of life’ in terms of the well being and life-chance opportunities offered to improve the quality of life based on five dimensions. These five dimensions are Socio-cultural, Economic, Community and Institutional Capacity, Urban Structure and Environment (SECUrE) dimensions as shown in Figure 2.3.

Figure 2.3: Diamond of Quality Of Life (Source: LUDA Compendium, Handbook 1)

The five dimensions have to coalesce proportionately to enable people to achieve good quality of life. This ‘diamond of quality of life’ is the main framework used for this study as the five components are used to indicate the sustainability of community development. In the urban setting, there is additional components known as ‘built environment’. The term urban structure connotes a complex urban infrastructure and facilities whereas, in a village, the term built structure is deemed more appropriate for

Page | 50 a local village situation. Furthermore, the five dimensions of the diamond of quality of life is expanded into additional issues (Refer to Table 2.3).

Each of the dimensions contains issues pertinent to each locality. This will help to identify issues needed to be included in for the establishment of the questionnaire. These issues are central to the formulation of indicators that are required to assess the level of sustainability at the local level. The following section discusses on the pillars and the method used to assess the level sustainability.

DIMENSIONS ISSUES

Socio-cultural Conditions

Population Structure; Household Income; Local

Employment; Knowledge and Skills; Health Conditions; Safety and Security; Culture.

Economic

Conditions Economic Base; Investment; Housing and Property Market. Urban Structure Urban Design; Services and Infrastructures; Housing

Quality; Modes of Internal Connection; Land Use.

Environmental Conditions

Soil Quality; Air Quality; Water Quality; Open Spaces; Waste Management and Recycling; Natural Hazards.

Community and Institutional

Capacity

Participation and Involvement; Social Justice and Equity; Institutional Capacity; Political Capacity; Land Use Context.

Table 2.3: The Dimensions of Diamond of Quality of Life (DOQOL)

In Table 2.3, the dimensions of Diamond of Quality of Life (DOQOL) are compared with the components in Egan Wheel (EW) (2005). The common dimensions or components are socio-cultural aspects, environmental aspects and economy. The DOQOL includes the urban environment which corresponds to the EW namely Housing and Built Environment, Transport and Connectivity. The UOW (University of Wisconsin) study looks more at the rural and suburban setting and the Agriculture and Natural Resources is more suited to the UOW study instead of urban environment. The

Page | 51 DOQOL dimensions of community and institutional capacity corresponds to the Governance, Equity and Services whereas the UOW had incorporated these into the other components such as social, economic and environmental components.

Dimensions Of Diamond of Quality Of Life (DOQOL)

Components of Egan Wheel(EW 2004)

University of Wisconsin (UOW 1998)

Socio- Cultural Socio- cultural Social

Environmental Environmental Environment

Economic Economy Economic

Urban Environment

Housing and Built Environment Transport and Connectivity

Agriculture and Natural Resources Community and Institutional Capacity Governance Nil Equity Nil Services

Incorporated in the social, environment and economy component

Table 2.4: Comparison between the dimensions of the Diamond of Quality of Life, the components of the Egan Wheel and University of Wisconsin SCD Indicators.

A study conducted by Egan and ODPM (2004) in “Skills for Sustainable Communities” measured all the components except Equity. Egan and ODPM (2004) mentions that equity demands fairness for everyone and access to services, jobs and education in the community. Fairness is not a luxury but a human right. Fairness means equal opportunity for all including the future generations in the study area, especially education accessibility for everyone and even the poor can attend school. Health service is also accessible to everyone.

Job opportunities are the same for all applicants’ based on qualifications and merits. Thus, this study had omitted measuring equity as the minimum requirement as described by Egan and ODPM (2004). A combination of DOQOL, EW and UOW components is more applicable to the study area due to the suburban nature of the villages.

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