ESPIRITUALIDAD SANANTE
3. Aportes de la psicoterapia al camino espiritual
a. - Animals, Birds, Insects, etc..menial frOmfi'H'KIimti'M m*
1. Native:
agneau,'aTlouette, animal, asne, asnesse, baudet, beHer, beste, boeuf, callie, caillette, cane, cerf, chenille, cheval, chien, cigongne, coq, corbeau, dogue, frelon, grenouille, hanneton, loup, mouche, mouton, mulet, oyseau, oyson, papillon, perdrix, pie, poule, pourcelet, raraier, rat, renard, sangsue,
sauterelle, souriz, tortue, truye, vache, veau, verm, vipere.
S. Foreign; .
phale, quintessence, sophistiquer^ sublimer, touche, transmuer. • ... ■ / •. ” " "•
c. Metals; and1Precious Stones. ,
airain, argent, cuivre,. diamant, ’ esc'arbouclee stain,
fer, or, perle,, plomb. . . ,
D, « '.''SUPERSTITIONS^ ’■
AEgiptienne, charities , charmer, desenaorceler, enchanter, enchantement, esprits familiers, fantosme, fie, for
tune , horoscope, malencontre, s inistre, superstition. Also numbers: trois bonnes fois; . ■ :
/ . ' '/• sept grains benits. .
E. ’.M1USEMENTS.
a. Payds» beau jeu, carreaux, carte. b. bances: bransle, danse, volte. c. Fencing: moulinet.
d. Barnes: balon, a I’esbahi, esbat, Febve (Roi de la), oeufs de couleur, quilies, tirelaisse.
e. Hunting and Falconry: abois, amorce, apaster, caillet, chasse, contrepied, curee , - s f embattre
empieter, engluer, s’enyoler, ergot, erres, filet? gibeciere, ’hard©lie, harasser , lacs, leurrerets ,
j venerie, veneur.
.Hiding, Equestrian Terms: bride , camorre, croupiere, desar^onner, descendre, enchevestrer, encourir, esperon, estriviere, housse, houssine,
littiere, mangeoire, mords, rastelier,. sangler, selle, theatre: .les Jeux de Bourgongne, jouer, mime, ' mommerie, pantomime, t heastre, tragedie,
■ ,./:» ...I
DRESS. . , ■' ' . a* Domestic, Civilian^ Fashion, etc.
aceoustrements? affubler, agrafer, botte, hourlet,
caban, cape, capette, capbt, carcan, ceinture, chapeau chaperon, chausses, chaussons, chemise, chore (Fran- coise), collet, collier , cotte, couronne, couverture .
(Francsolse), gr.os culs, se defubler, demicelnt, ,
deschevele, doubler, embeguiner, escharpe, fourre, fraize, galoche, habit, hard.es, sehouzer, livree, manche, manteau, masque, mitalne, porter, pourpolnct, rebras, robe, sole, soulier, taffetas. ‘ \
D* Ecclesiastical. ; ■■' '
bonnet (rouge, quarre),^calotte, camail, capuchoh,
chape,. chapeau (rouge, a longs cordons), cordeliere, cordon, corne, couronne (monachal©), roquet,
scapulaire, soutane. ;
c. Academic. /' ... ‘ . . '
bonnet rond, capeluche, hermine. - ;
G. RELIGION. . '
a. Theological and Biblical Terms.
absolution, absoudre, abstinence, administration, adorer, ange, anti-Pape, apostat, apostolique,
{—igue), apost re, article, atheisme, atheiste., bene diction, Bible, Brevlaire, Calviniste, Canon (Droit -? canonisation, canoniser, celeste, cene, charite,
chrestien, Chrestiente', creance, Greateur, crucifier, Dame, damnation, decret, deifique, devolu, devot, devotement, devotion, devotieux, diable, diaboilque, Dieu, disciple, dispense, divin, divinite', doctrine, dogmatizer, Eglise, enfer, Escriture, 6ternel, • Evarigile, Evangelist©, expier, Foy, gloire, grace, habltacle, heretlque, (fauteur d’heretique), Idolatrie immacule, Lutherlen, martyr, martyriser, militant©, miracle, miserlcorde, orthodoxe, Paradis, parole,
passage,, Patriarque, payen, prophefce, prophetic,
Purgatoire, relaps, salut, salve, Sauveur, spiritual, symbole, temple, texte, Trinity, vaisseau dselection.
by Religious Orders.
Ce lest ins , Chartreux, Confrairie (du.Cordon, du Nom de Jesus)-, Cordeliers,Peulllants, Frere. Ignorants,- Jacobins, Jesultes, Minimes, Ordre. . • ' .
c. Ecclesiastical Terms. .
abbaye, abbe,' ampoule, archevesque, arehidiacrej aumosnier, bedeau, benist, bref, bulls, calendrier,.,
calottier, cardinal, Caresme, catholicissime, cathol-
igue,;catholique,; catholiquement, censure, chandelle, chapelet, chapelle, chapitre, ch&sse, Chemise de
Chartreschresme, ciboire, clerc, clerg6, cloistre, college, cbncile, concillabule, confesseur, confessior, congregation, consistoire, convers, conversion, ■;?>
convent, croisette, croix, croyser, crucifix, cure, - dataire, defroquer, diacre, diete, eau beniste, -
ecclesiastique, electif, election, evesche, evesque,., .1
exaucer, excommunication, excommunier, excommunie, .
Feste-Dleu, fide Hum, fierte, fulmination, Galilean, grains behits, Illustrissime, indulgence, Inquisition, jeusne, Legal (a latere), m&rguilller, messe, rnlnistre, monachal, monastere, moyne, moyneton, novice, octave, OEconome, offrande, oindre, papal, Papaute','Pape, J
pardon, parolssien, Basques, pasteur, Patenostre,
pelerin,.pelerlnage, Penitencier, Pere, piet^, por tal if, predicateur, predication, prelat, preacher, prescheur, prestre, rjrier, priere, prleur, Primal,
quarantaine, reagrave, rellgieux, religion, reliques, Rev'ereridissime, sacramental, ~sacre., sacrement, sacrer.. sacrificateur, sacrilege, sainct, sainctement
Sainctete, sanctifier, Seigneur, sermon, service, Siege, soubs-diacre? station, suffragant, synagogue, Trinite, tondre, Toussaincts, ustenslle, Vidame.:
H, SCIENCE and LEARNING. ’ ■
a* Organisation of the University., W'WHWb M i ,*<>'■ ■ nl> Hl ■rMiiR>n»«i 11->Win>l■>!«>»*MMUm wi. i» —»
academic, academique, arts, bacheller, hasten, bedeau, boursier, cathedrant, classe, college, condocteur, debattre, debit, degre, deliberation, discipline, dis- pule, dlsputer, docteur, doctrine, doyen, encomiasts, escholier, estudier, faculte, (galoche), gendarme
scholastique, gradue, leterin, licence, licencier,' malstre-es-arts, massier, nation, paranymphe, passer, pedantprecepteur, president, principal, professeur public, recteur, rectoral, regent, scholastique,
science, suppost, theme, theologie, theologlen, trailer, Uni vers
It
e'.argume er, axiom©, carme, cynique, Decade, dictum, emphase, empirlque, enigme, epilogue, epiphoneme, epistre, epitaphs, exorda expostulation, figure,
grammaire, grammalrlen, Grecque, harangue, haranguer, Hebraique, hyperhate, Idiome, langage, langue, Latin, lepon, lettre, lettres, limlnaire, maxlme, parenthese, philosophy philosophie, philosophique, pobme, poete,
poetique, prose, quatrain, 'ratioc.Iner, reprise, rethorique, rime, sonnet, style, syllahe, vers, Music: accorder, hasse (note), entonner, harmonic,
haute (note), jouer de, mesure, motet, note, regales
solfier, soufflet. . =
' c. Medicine. . • . . -
alopecie, antidote, bolteux, borgne, boss©, boulimie, cacochime, caquesangue, catarrhe, Cathollcon, chirur- glen, contrepolson, drogue, electuaire, elixir,
epidemique, escrouelles, evacuation, excreation, feu Sainct-Anthoine, foye, frenesie, goutte, goutteux, gratelle, graveleur, guarir, hocquet, hospital,
jaunisse, ladre, malade, maladie, malefield, medicin, medicament, narcotique, opiate, pelade, peste,
phlebotomizer, remede, t&ye, tigneux, ulcerd.
X. LAW. ■
abollr, abolition, aboutIssants, abroger, accessoire, adherent,, adjourner, adjournement, adjuger, agraver, alleguer, antidatter, appanage, arres, arrest/, arres ter, assignation, assigner, authoriser, avocat,
Avocat-General, bigame, billet, biasphematoire, cayer, civil, collateral, comparoistre, compulsoire, concus sion, concussionnaire, confiscation, consanguinity, conseiller, contrevenir, contumacy, crime, criminal, curatelle, curateur, date, datter, deputer, depute, descents, designer, dlffamatolre, droit, edict,
engager, escri'pt, exhereder, faict, felonie, feodal, fondamental, forfaict, forfaicture, formulaire, fran chise, gage, gouvernement, gouverner, gouverneur, greffier, he pit ier, heritiers, hpyrie, hypothequei*, Indict Ion, jour, (par an et par jour, a jour et poinct nomW) , jug© me nt, j ur is e onsult e, justice, le diet, legitime, legitimement, leze-majeste', ligne, loy, magistrat, main-levye, mandat, mandement, nouvellete,
terine, tesmoigner, tesmoin, testament, tiltre, tutelle, uterih, vidimus. •
j;.Y. BERAUW, .
armoiries, azur, corps, devise, fleurs de lys, ■
fleuron, nef, oriflamb©,tymbrer. \
/COLOURS and SHADES/' : •• •
azur, bis, Plane(q)blesme, bleu, blond, elair,
couleur, cramoisy, diapre, dor^, ensaffrane, esmailler gris, noir, or, pourpre, rouge, saffran4, verd.
K-. PUNISHMENTS. . ... ’ . </•
ceps,/fers, fouet diffamatoire, frontal,,escorcher- fagot, feu, fustiger, glbet, Greve, hart, jeusner
(faire *' ), prison,-verges. • - ' ’ ? ‘ I>. ..-- DOMESTIC ‘WORDS.
a. Food and Drink.
avoine, beurre, biere, tale/bouillje, breuvage, chair, chapon, chardonnerette, chou, cresme, eau, entremets, farce, farcir, febve. festin, figue, friend? frian- dise, frommage, fruict, gelinote, graisse, huile,
laict, lattgue de boeuf, rnets, moustarde, rnouton, oeuf, oignon, orange, pain, panade, pastisserie, polvre, -potage., refection, saulse, sel, coupe, veait, viande,
vin, vivres.
b. Utensils, Measures, Culinary Terms. <
chaudiere, chaudron,chenet, chopine, coquemart, pous- teau, cuisine, cuvette, disner, drap, escabeau, fil, four, fricasser, frire, gras, lict, lieue, marmlte,
(marmiton), meuble, nappe, plat,.poisle, posson,
pot/ rasoir, rostir, saler, savon, serviette, soufflet souper, sucrer, table, toise, trapusse, vaisselle, valize,
' , CHAPTER XII.
l
ATIN ELEMENTS,
. •As the vernacular grew in prestige and replaced Latin as the language of the professions, many writers
and public speakers abandoned Latin as their vehicle of expression only with reluctance, retaining quota tions and tags as evidence of their erudition. For a. long time the ’’latinisants” were objects of scorn and ridicule, and in the harangues of the Menippee. we are aware of the authors deriding these pedants. Not all the quotations however serve this purpose - in
D*Aubrey*s address the writer is sincere, and his in tention is not to raise a laugh at the orator’s
expense. P’Aubray is not making a show of his Latin; he introduces his quotations rather to persuade his hearers in much the same way as Montaigne falls back on the judgment of the ancients to illustrate his theme.
It is perhaps surprising to find such a large number of Latin quotations in a work intended for a wide reading public, but we must remember that even those who knew little or no Latin would recognise some of the words from the Breviary or snatches of legal jargon. This would add a touch of local colour
and increase the enjoyment. Moliere knew the value of some Latin thrown in at random, for instance in he Medecin malgr^ lui, where the comic effect is not diminished even by failure to understand the jargon.
Recognised quotations from classical authors, the Vulgate and-early hymns are treated below (Part III); in this chapter we restrict ourselves to non-literary sources. The Breviary is freely drawn upon.for
phrases, chiefly by the prelates. These include; tu autem (60). At matins it was customary for the Superior to end the lesson with the words; Tu autem, Domine, miserere nobis. This conclusion lends .to '
this phrase the figurative ..meaning of the most, impor tant part of anything, hence en scayoir le tu autem •means to .know the Ins and outs of something.:
in nomine Patris, et Filii, et spiritus Sancti. .Amen (102) . The first phrase is used by the Legate to
Introduce his harangue. (Deus): Fide Hum (215) is frqm the Introit de la Masse des Morts. Other similar
phrases are Da pacem, Domine (69, 217), Nunc dimittls (94) and Exi vit edictum (301).
The ecclesiastical term begat a latere is a title formed from the shorter form of the Latin ab latere alicujua applied to a constant attendant.
0 n
ad tempus, in solidum, more et loco solitis, ad . ma jo rem cautelam, salva consclentlaf illaesa. con- sclentla, gratis, alias. . j .• . .
The terminology of learning figures chiefly in
the Harangue du Recteur Roze9, and this is treated in Part Ill under Rhetoric, hut other examples are; de inventlone s per regulas, inquam, etiam discole, atqui, ergo, ergo glue. This last phrase is somewhat obscure, but seems to mean "so nothing has come of it" (128). Lefranc in his edition of Rabelais, Vol. I, p. 171, quotes Le Duchat as saying that ergo glue was commonly used by the schoolmen at the end of an unreasoned syl
logism or one that concludes nothing, while, the words stand at the beginning of a hybrid syllogism "Frgo glue capiuntur avesn, I.e. there is no proof; see also the Antichoppinua, p. 65. Along with those accepted terns we find several expressions which might quite well
have been said in French? indeed, like the Latin in the Antichoppinua, they appear to be based on French: Ad partes for a part, fide mea for ma f oi, and merce de for grace a do not seem to be part of the recognised. stock of Low Latin, like bonadies, but rather latin de cuisine.
1. See P. Lehmann, Mittelalter und Kflchenlatein, in Hiatorlache Zeltschrift j Band 137, pp. 197-213
of money obtained by extortion, and In coena Domini, a Papal bull by which Pope Paul III In 1536 excommuni cated all heretics and enemies of the Holy See.
Besides classical quotations and borrowings from Low Latin, the authors have some original Latin composi tion, both prose and verse, to their credit. After being introduced by the Dean of the Sorbonne, who says ; "Humiliate vos ad benedictionem et postea habebitis haranguam".(74), M. le Legat begins in Italian, and continues: (78-81) in Latin, "ne forte aliquls non
satis intelligat Italianam". His reason for changing the language is invalidated by the fact that for the conclusion (81-83), he lapses once more into Italian.
Et is more likely that he merely wishes to show off his:
ability to talk In more than one language; in anycase fewer people would be able to grasp the full mean ing of his unscrupulous plans.
So with the harangue of Monsieur le Cardinal de Pelle ve', who, after opening In French (86), embarks
(87) upon a "discours en langage latin" (-93). There are several reasons for this. In the first place, it is expected of him as an important figure in the Church jbo edify the learned assembly with an address in Latin. Then he has long been studying the language, and knows
almost as much,:he confesses, as his grandfather, who was a farmer. Finally, there are certain things best left unsaid in French. Why then does he fall back upon French for the conclusion of his speech? (93-102) The truth is that he has difficulty with his Latin. He had prepared a discourse on St Paul, whose conver
sion was celebrated on the day on which the Cardinal was to have spoken, but he had not counted oft the Lieutenant’s speech being so long. Consequently the Ecclesiastics’, speeches were postponed until the fol
lowing day, when the discourse on St Paul would have been inappropriate. With nothing else prepared he must improvise and return the sword of his Latinity'to its scabbard as soon as he can. We are not surprised, therefore, if his Latin is poor; the errors are
intentional.
Among the ’’pieces de vers” are five short pieces in Latin, numbers XXX, XXXI, XXXVI, XXXVIII'and XL. These are translations or paraphrases of preceding
numbers, and are entitled ”En Latin” or ”In eundem”, after the style of Virgil’s Analects. They add no thing at all to the content of the book, but the qual ity of the Latin is superior to the prose of the
harangues, and they reveal a certain familiarity with classical versification in their conciseness, e.g. XXXVIII;
Ante, fuit ducibus magnis dementia virtue; . Post, fuit hAec virtue, extlncto Caesare, crimen.
or again XXXI s . ....
Koctumo late, dolo Dionysl ceperat urbem: Sed captor capta captus in urbe perit.
Latin loan-words in our text which passed into French in the course of the century belong to four groups:
(a) Those belonging to the common stock of the period and in common use among writers, like ' ' benevolence, affecter;
(b) Those in (a) which have nov; become archaic, like ■ • ' ; postposer; ‘ '
(c) Those which appear for the first time in our text like ~manifesto .• vidimus , dataire, scelerat; (d) Those which as far as we know occur only in our
text , like bipedal, primordes *
As was customary at the time, the text reveals a readiness to experiment with new words, and the bulk of these which we can find recorded nowhere else were obviously invented for comic effect, to burlesque the pedantic styles of the academic and ecclesiastic
would-be orators. Roze’s harangue is clearly an imi tatlon of Rabelais' Scolier Lymosin in Pantagruel VI, which Itself was intended as a parody of those who Indulged in what Sainean1 calls "hyperlatinisme”2. 1. Langue de Rabelais, II, p. 78.
2. This affects form, e.g. ensppu 11urer, but to a greater extent vocabulary, e.g. inqulner, sub- stanter.
”0r, je ne veux icy refriquer les ehoses . passees, ny capter votre benevolence, par un long exorde; ... . l^Universite de Paris vous remonstre en toute observance que, depuis ses cunables et . primordes elle n’a point,est^ si bien morigenee, si modeste et paisible, quTelle est maintenant par la grace et faveur de vous autres Messieurs.” (183-4)
Another way in which Latin influenced the vocabu lary is seen in words already established in the
language, which occasionally take the meaning they hao in Latin, Thus ma,leurs occurs with the classical sense of ancestors, a sense not recorded by Kicot, whc gives only the singular, meaning ”homo sui iuris”, though Cotgrave in 1611 recognised the classical mean ing. / So too conjurateur is used in the sense of "con spirator” , whereas contemporary texts use it meaning one who exorcises spirits.
The process-of using two near synonyms where one word would suffice, e.g. cunables et primordes, assas- siner et tuer, la grace et faveur, is an oratorical device of the type occurring in Montaigne and in the harangues in Rabelais, and which Sainean describes as ”deealques du style ciceronien”.
• • ’ CHAPTER IV. . ■ - -» • ' • ■ •' . • CHEEK.
If the Menippee shows a pronounced Latin influ-
I
ence on vocabulary, style and syntax, the influence of Greek is much more limited, being confined to vocabu
lary. Brunot has shown that Greek terms were mainly introduced via the language of science, and our text has some medical terms borrowed from Greek, but in' none of these cases is it the first recorded instance of the word.
There are however two Greek borrov/ings of inter est; The word gynaecocratie (Gr.yuvxcxoxptxrt* • , a state ruled by a woman) first appears in French in La Republlque, VI, 5, by Jean Bodin (Paris, 1576). It is therefore a word of recent Introduction:
aftodidactos , naturally, by one sell1) shows the contemporary rendering of Greek <xv as af. However, as this word is printed in italics, it must still be considered as a foreign word.
The Deuxieme Advis contains a group of names < which are compounded from Greek, but these elements belong purely to the Rabelaisian tradition and really 1. II, p. 227: see also Darmesteter, De la creation
have little to do with Hellenist loan-words, being simply a work of imagination. However eminent a Greek scholar the supposed author Passerat may have been, it is fairly certain that his model for these names was Rabelais, though the tradition was much older. We think of Pantagruel*s companions: Panurge Epistemon, Eusthenes, Gymnaste and Garpalim, who are given Greek names which are representative of the new Renaissance culture and confer an air of dignity and respectability. So too the Greek names in the
Satyre are usually complimentary, like Ypragmon, for Eupragmon, helpful, kind;
Alethie, the land of truth. This may gdjback via ; Rabelais to the Auctores octo morales
(see Part Ill, ch. XIX) ; ~ ■Eleuthere, free: cf. R. Estienne, Dictlonnalre
' francois-latin, 2® edition, 1549: Camposj avoir campos, Eleutheria agere vel
' . liberalla; • . .
Aghoste, unknown;
Mis oqueues, scorners of new things.
On the other hand, the following are derogatory references to the Spaniards and Italians:
Argyrophiles, lovers of gold?
Timomanes, lovers of honours. .
These words bear a certain resemblance to the formation of the names In Rabelais. Thus Timomanes is reminiscent of Phllotlmie (I, xviii), one who seeks
honours , and It Is Interesting to note that In the Satyre the order of the component.parts is reversed. So also with Phllophanes, Philo the amon, and in H. Estlenne Phi lane one, and Phllalethe, where the verbal
part comes first/ as opposed to Argyrophiles In the Satyre ,■ and Celtophile in Estienne.
The Discours in which these occur Is one of the
most original parts of the book3 and. though Passerat Is here "en francais parlant grec% we must conclude that the actual Influence of Greek is slight.
ITALIAN.
In view of the. vogue enjoyed by Italian during the 16th century, it is not surprising to find traces of Italian Influence In the Satyre. Many of the
borrowings had been generally accepted and were already part of the language ., and In using them writers may oi*
may not have been conscious of employing foreign