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Teaching is a process by which one interacts with another person with the intention of influencing the learning of that person. It is interplay between the teacher and the learners. Teaching as a useful and practical art calls for intuition, creativity, improvisation and expressiveness. The most accepted criterion for measuring good teaching is the amount of student-learning that occurs. Sajjad (2009) defines effective teaching as “that which produces beneficial and purposeful student learning through the use of appropriate procedures”.

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A strategy is a general action plan made to reach an aim based on future forecasts. Strategies focus more on the way public participation is embedded in the decision making process. When choosing the strategy it is necessary to identify strategic aims-main activity directions leading to the implementation of the action plan. A strategy determines what techniques will be used in public participation (Duppenthaler, 1987). At some points in reading, the reader recognizes that the text is difficult (e.g., encountering unfamiliar words, syntactic structures, or topics) or that his/her goals are not being met. These cases require the reader to consciously and actively control his/her reading process through the use of appropriate strategies (e.g., assessing the situation, synthesizing and evaluating information, using contextual clues, skipping unknown words, rereading, etc.), individually or in combination, in order to improve reading achievement (Block & Pressley, 2002; Carrell, Gajdusek, &

Wise, 1998; Phakiti, 2006).

Teaching strategies are not an end in themselves, they are means to an end.

They are vehicles used to lead students towards particular learning outcomes. The choice of specific strategies that best achieves course objectives is one of the most important decisions a teacher faces. Effective teachers use different strategies to develop a sense of community among their learners, including using group-based activities, by addressing common student interests and concerns, by regularly changing seating arrangements so that students experience working with different classmates, by using humour and other ways of creating a warm and friendly classroom atmosphere, and by recognizing that students have both social as well as learning needs in the classroom.

The manner in which the teacher handles the Literature-in-English class goes a long way in giving the students the right attitude towards the subject. In recent years, the emphasis has shifted from mere identification and classification of reading strategies to their actual application in the language classroom (Aghaie & Zhang, 2012; Anderson, 2005; McNamara, 2010). Readers may become expert readers and learners and also develop a more positive attitude towards reading if they are explicitly taught effective strategies and trained to check and monitor their comprehension while reading (e.g., Dole et al., 1991; Janzen, 2003; McNamara, 2007;

Pressley, 2006). There are many strategies that readers employ while reading a text, some of the more widely and flexibly used strategies are activating prior knowledge,

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questioning, making inferences, predicting, summarizing and visualising (Graves et al, 2004; Oczkus, 2003; Palincsar, 2003).

According to The National Capital Language Resource Center (2004) Strategies that can help students read more quickly and effectively include

1. Previewing: Learning about a text before really reading it. Previewing enables readers to get a sense of what the text is about and how it is organized before reading it closely. This simple strategy includes seeing what you can learn from the headnotes or other introductory material, skimming to get an overview of the content and organization, and identifying the rhetorical situation. It involves reviewing titles, section headings, and photo captions to get a sense of the structure and content of a reading selection.

2. Predicting: using knowledge of the subject matter to make predictions about content and vocabulary and check comprehension; using knowledge of the text type and purpose to make predictions about discourse structure; using knowledge about the author to make predictions about writing style, vocabulary, and content

3. Skimming and scanning: using a quick survey of the text to get the main idea, identify text structure, confirm or question predictions

4. Guessing from context: using prior knowledge of the subject and the ideas in the text as clues to the meanings of unknown words, instead of stopping to look them up. Dyeus (1997) defines guessing meaning from context as a strategy that helps to guess the meaning of unfamiliar, difficult or new words, which assist in proper understanding of text while reading. Guessing meaning from context helps to find out meaning of unfamiliar, new or difficult words from the text by focusing on the sentence in which the new word is used and considering some parts of words.

Banjo and Bisong (2006) are of the view that, to achieve this, a student should be able to do the following:

(i) Describe what the authors‟ attitude is

(ii) Anticipate what is to follow in the train of thought.

(iii) Pick out the main points and see the relationships between them.

5. Paraphrasing: stopping at the end of a section to check comprehension by restating the information and ideas in the text

Some other critical strategies include:

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6. Contextualizing: Placing a text in its historical, biographical, and cultural contexts. When you read a text, you read it through the lens of your own experience. Your understanding of the words on the page and their significance is informed by what you have come to know and value from living in a particular time and place. But the texts you read were all written in the past, sometimes in a radically different time and place. To read critically, a reader needs to contextualize, to recognize the differences between your contemporary values and attitudes and those represented in the text.

7. Reflecting on challenges to a reader’s beliefs and values: Examining personal responses. The reading that is done in this class might challenge attitudes, unconsciously held beliefs, or positions on current issues. As a text is being read for the first time, an X should be marked in the margin at each point where the reader feels a personal challenge to attitudes, beliefs, or status.

A brief note should be made in the margin about what the reader feels or about what in the text created the challenge. The places where the reader felt personally challenged and marked in the text should be looked at again.

8. Outlining and summarizing: Identifying the main ideas and restating them in one‟s own words. They are especially helpful strategies for understanding the content and structure of a reading selection. Whereas outlining reveals the basic structure of the text, summarizing synopsizes a selection's main argument in brief. Outlining may be part of the annotating process, or it may be done separately. The key to both outlining and summarizing is being able to distinguish between the main ideas and the supporting ideas and examples.

The main ideas form the backbone, the strand that holds the various parts and pieces of the text together. Outlining the main ideas helps you to discover this structure. When you make an outline, don't use the text's exact words.

Summarizing begins with outlining, but instead of merely listing the main ideas, a summary recomposes them to form a new text. Whereas outlining depends on a close analysis of each paragraph, summarizing also requires creative synthesis. Putting ideas together again -- in your own words and in a condensed form -- shows how reading critically can lead to deeper understanding of any text.

9. Evaluating an argument: Testing the logic of a text as well as its credibility and emotional impact. All writers make assertions that they want you to accept

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as true. As a critical reader, one should not accept anything on face value but recognize every assertion as an argument that must be carefully evaluated. An argument has two essential parts: a claim and support. The claim asserts a conclusion -- an idea, an opinion, a judgment, or a point of view -- that the writer wants you to accept. The support includes reasons (shared beliefs, assumptions, and values) and evidence (facts, examples, statistics, and authorities) that give readers the basis for accepting the conclusion. When you assess an argument, you are concerned with the process of reasoning as well as its truthfulness (these are not the same thing). At the most basic level, in order for an argument to be acceptable, the support must be appropriate to the claim and the statements must be consistent with one another.

10. Comparing and contrasting related readings: Exploring likenesses and differences between texts to understand them better.

(http://www.salisbury.edu/counseling/new/7_critical_reading_strategies.html) Brainstorming is another excellent strategy to generate ideas on a given topic. It helps to promote thinking (Wallace 1992). When students are asked to think of all things related to a concept, they are really being asked to stretch their thinking skills.

It also promotes success for students with special need as there is no one right answer.

This may take the form of giving the class a particular key word or key concept.

Students are then invited to call out words and concepts they personally associate with the keyword or words provided by the teacher. The goal is to activate the learners‟

horizon of expectation, and help learners identify what the text is about. (Colorado 2008) says it helps students to examine the title of the selection they are about to read, list all the information that comes to mind as students read the title, use these pieces of information to recall and understand the material and in the process considerable knowledge will be activated. Brainstorming is also a spontaneous association of ideals where learners freely link thoughts about a topic. It enhances students‟ readiness to learn more about a topic.

Questioning the Author is another strategy that involves discussion. The questioning is done by use of special type of teacher-generated questions called „queries‟ (Beck, et al., 1997). The teacher facilitates learning discussions asking the queries during the reading selection, so the students can create meaning as they read as well as challenge their understanding and solidify their knowledge. It takes into account the fact that authors are human and have the potential to be fallible. Questioning the Author helps

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students dispose the author of the text, students learn to see text as someone‟s ideas written down and critique the writing , in so doing engage them with the text to create deeper meaning. It is a strategy that helps students become independent and critical interrogator of texts (Billmeyer, 2003).

These strategies are essential in the teaching and learning of literature-in-English.

These strategies can be used by students to make comprehension easier and faster and as well make the reading activity enjoyable. Carell (1985) cited in Majid (2011) state that strategies can be taught and when taught, it helps improve students‟ performance on test comprehension and recall. The teaching of literature when rightly practiced can be lively, stimulating, challenging and a participatory activity and this can be achieved through approaches which include stylistic and thematic approaches.