Aprovisionamiento de proyecciones (películas y documentales) y programación de la cartelera

Linguistically, the term ‘context‘ refers to the relationship of words and ideas and the manner in which information is clarified or enhanced [Win01]. For example, the phrase “driving 30 km/h” can be interpreted differently: for a bicycle, this velocity is very high, whereby it is relatively slow for a car. In this case, information about the vehicle is crucial for understanding the above-described situation. Context has to be shareable too. Considering the example above, if somebody does not know what “bicycle” means and how fast it travels on average, the term ‘bicycle’ cannot be properly understood. For interactive systems, Dey and Abword [DA99] define context as information that characterizes the interaction between a user and a system. In the case of CIS, the context needs to be extended by a community dimension: CIS users do not exist in a vacuum, but are a part of a socially vivid environment. Community rules, constraints, and interconnections play an important role in satisfying community needs: Do people already know each other? Do they have anything in common? Does a community already exist and if yes is it tight or loose, is it new or already well-established? There are many more questions one can think about. Furthermore, members of communities from different domains differ not only in their knowledge, but also in their style of communication and interaction. Due to continuous learning processes, the community is a subject of

ongoing evolution. In terms of community structure, communities either expand or shrink, become less interconnected or more tight, and may experience many or no newcomers. All these details about social and organizational state of a community are essential for the formal description of a CIS.

Community-Artifacts To design context of CISs, it is necessary to consider

existing operative theories. In the CoP theory, Wenger pays most attention to the

community members and participation process [Wen98] (cf. Section 2.3.1).

In this case, media dimension is not explicitly addressed. Wenger defines only community-internal relations. In more detail, a CoP consists of its participants who generate artifacts. The artifacts are made accessible to the community and are then adopted by the community participants. Within this cycle, knowledge is produced and shared. A continuous learning process takes place, which triggers ongoing evolution of the community knowledge. Even during the observation phase, before entering the community actively, a potential community member learns how to communicate within the community: learns its rules, its vocabulary, its relations, etc. Additionally, a community evolves in terms of its composition. People enter, re-entrer, and leave the community either approaching or distancing themselves from its center.

Community-Medium In transcriptivity theory, Jäger [Jäg01] emphasizes the

importance of the medium. Even in the similar composition bound by the similar practice, community members perform differently depending on the medium they apply to collaborate. In turn, different communities differently utilize the same groupware. The operational methodology Actor-Network-Theory (ANT) by Latour [Lat99] treats human and non-human subjects as parts of a social network. The theory provides a basis for exploring the interrelations between a system and its users. For example, we can investigate whether a person has the same social behavior pattern in different community media. Alternatively, we get insights in medium utilization styles across different communities. Using Jäger’s terminology, the processes within a CIS can be described as follows. Community members

transcript their knowledge in form of artifact creation/modification. The artifacts

get localized in the medium they are posted in. The medium with its data

addresses its audience. Figure 4.2 depicts a CIS process which combines CoP with

the transcriptivity theory.

Community-Medium-Artifact De Michelis et al. in [DMDJ+98] model all three

dimensions – community, system, and organization – at the same level of abstraction. The authors propose a three-faceted view for groupware description and argue that all three facets are required to “deal effectively with change”. Considering the facet of the view, the system presents a composition of artifacts applied to achieve organizational goals. The organizational facet defines organizational rules and structures. The group collaboration facet reflects the information about people

Figure 4.2: Community-Medium-Artifact Interrelation based on the CoP and ANT

Theories.

working together on some activities and/or processes. Based on this three faceted- view, we proposed a model for community-oriented context displayed in Figure 4.3 [HKJ08].

We define the context of a CIS as a composition of its community members, the media they use, and the artifacts they generate. The community is a CoP built around the CIS. We emphasize that the state of the CoP is not a simple collection of user profiles, but it also contains data about social interaction and information flow within the CoP. The CoP as a context dimension relates to the group dimension in the three-faceted view by De Michelis et al. The organization facet – rules, constraints, and objectives – is defined by the media used for the interaction and the management of the CIS. Finally, the community-generated artifacts compose the system. Besides community, media, and artifacts, interconnections between these three dimensions play an important role and are represented by the edges of the model.

Example: Context Model Instantiation The following example visualizes a pos-

Figure 4.3: CIS Context Model [HKJ08].

Open Source Software (OSS) projects present an example of CIS. Developers and users of an OSS compose a CoP. This CoP is mapped to community dimension of the proposed CIS context model. The infrastructure used for communication (forums, mailing lists, reporting platforms) and development (code repositories) within the corresponding OSS project represents the media dimension. The community-generated artifacts include code files, bug reports, patches, requests for enhancement, and questions.

Given:

OSSP roject

Universum:

UOSS = (member1, . . . , membern, medium1, . . . , mediuml, artif act1, . . . , artif actk)

Mapping IOSS :

CoP → CommunityOSS(member1, . . . , membern)

M edia → Inf rastructureOSS(medium1, . . . , mediuml)

Artif acts → Artif actsOSS(artif act1, . . . , artif actk)

To summarize, community, media, artifacts, and the interaction among them compose the context of a CIS. Now, we can proceed with the design of a model for the adaptation of the CIS context to the continuously changing requirements of the evolving CIS communities.

4.3 Adaptation Model of Requirements Engineering in CIS