APROXIMACIONES TEÓRICAS SOBRE EL SÍNDROME DE ALIENACIÓN PARENTAL:

Positive items are analysed separately, according to previous studies by Chalder et al. (1993) and Michielsen et al. (2003). Combining the scores of the individual symptoms (e.g., Overall Well-Being = Positive Physical Items + Positive Mental Items) and the individual items (e.g., Mental Items = PreQ1 + PreQ4) were used. These are common methods in the calculation of scores for validated psychometric scales (Smit & Rogers, 2002). Six positive items were subjected to mixed model ANOVA, which consisted of two physical and four mental items (see Table 6.35).

Table 6.35 Positive Mental and Physical Items

Question Positive Items Symptoms

Pre-Flight

PreQ1 Mentally, I am well prepared to undergo the flight. Mental

PreQ2 I feel energetic. Physical

PreQ4 I can concentrate very well. Mental Post-Flight

PostQ1 I am pleased with the outcome of the flight. Mental

PostQ4 I can think clearly. Mental

PostQ5 I feel relaxed. Physical

Table 6.36 presents means, standard deviations and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of positive individual items and combined items in the pre-flight test and post-flight test.

Table 6.36 Means, Standard Deviations, and Cronbach’s Alpha (Positive Items)

Scale M SD α

Pre-Flight Positive Physical (PreQ2) 4.98 1.22 *

Post-Flight Positive Physical (PostQ5) 5.18 1.31 *

Pre-Flight Positive Mental (PreQ1 + PreQ4) 11.77 1.86 .84 Post-Flight Positive Mental (PostQ1 + PostQ4) 11.77 1.65 .56 Pre-Flight Well-Being (PreQ1 + PreQ4 + PreQ2) 16.75 2.81 .84 Post-Flight Well-Being (PostQ1 + PostQ4 + PostQ5) 16.95 2.52 .63 *= α was not conducted due to one item within each scale.

6.9.2.1 Positive Physical Score

Table 6.37 presents means and standard deviations of Positive Physical Score in the pre-flight test and post-flight test between the treatment groups.

Table 6.37 Positive Physical Score Water (N = 55) M (SD) Red Bull (N = 55) M (SD)

Pre-Flight Positive Physical Score 5.18 (1.17) 4.78 (1.24) Post-Flight Positive Physical Score 5.33 (1.23) 5.04 (1.37)

Difference Score .15 (.06) .07 (.13)

A 2 (treatment groups: water vs. Red Bull) × 2 (test: pre-flight vs. post-flight) mixed model ANOVA was conducted to compare two groups of participants on Positive Physical Score. The ANOVA found no evidence of a main effect for the within subjects factors – pre-flight vs. post-flight test scores, F (1,108) = 1.43, p = .23, η2 = .013. There was a difference between groups, F (1,108) = 4.03, p = .047. In addition, there was no evidence of a significant interaction between groups and Positive Physical Score, F

(1,108) = .11, p = .75. A Means Plot described in Figure 6.3, presents how each group rated the positive physical items (e.g., feeling energetic or feeling relaxed) in the pre- flight test and post-flight test, and with each line representing one group.

Figure 6.3 Means Plot Positive Physical Score

6.9.2.2 Positive Mental Score

Table 6.38 presents means and standard deviations of Positive Mental Score in the pre- flight test and post-flight test between the treatment groups.

Table 6.38 Positive Mental Score

Water (N = 55) M (SD) Red Bull (N = 55) M (SD)

Pre-Flight Positive Mental Score 5.91 (.96) 5.86 (.91) Post-Flight Positive Mental Score 5.89 (.85) 5.88 (.81)

A 2 (treatment groups: water vs. Red Bull) × 2 (test: pre-flight vs. post-flight) mixed model ANOVA was conducted to compare two groups of participants on Positive Mental Score. The ANOVA found no evidence of a main effect for the within subjects factors – pre-flight vs. post-flight test scores, F (1,108) = .00, p = 1.00, η2 = .000. There was no evidence of a difference between groups, F (1,108) = .04, p = .85. In addition, there was no evidence of a significant interaction between groups and Positive Mental Score, F (1,108) = .04, p = .84. A Means Plot described in Figure 6.4, presents how each group rated the positive mental items (e.g., mentally prepared, able toconcentrate,

pleased with the flight or able to think clearly) in the pre-flight test and post-flight test, and with one line representing each group.

6.9.2.3 Cognition Score

Table 6.39 presents means and standard deviations of Cognition Score in the pre-flight test and post-flight test between the treatment groups.

Table 6.39 Cognition Score

Water (N = 55) M (SD) Red Bull (N = 55) M (SD)

Pre-Flight Positive Cognition Score 5.58 (1.07) 5.56 (1.05) Post-Flight Positive Cognition Score 5.91 (1.08) 5.87 (.88)

Difference Score .33 (-.01) .31 (-.17)

A 2 (treatment groups: water vs. Red Bull) × 2 (test: pre-flight vs. post-flight) mixed model ANOVA was conducted to compare two groups of participants on Cognition Score. The ANOVA found evidence of a main effect for the within subjects factors – pre-flight vs. post-flight test scores, F (1,108) = 9.41, p = .003, η2 = .080. There was no evidence of a difference between groups, F (1,108) = .03, p = .87. In addition, there was no evidence of a significant interaction between groups and mean Cognition Score, F

(1,108) = .01, p = .93. A Means Plot described in Figure 6.5, presents how each group rated the cognition items in the pre-flight test and post-flight test, and with one line representing each group.

Figure 6.5 Mean Plot Cognition Score

6.9.2.4 Overall Positive Mental Score

Table 6.40 presents means and standard deviations of Overall Positive Mental Score in the pre-flight test and post-flight test between the treatment groups.

Table 6.40 Overall Positive Mental Score

Water (N = 55) M (SD) Red Bull (N = 55) M (SD)

Pre-Flight Overall Positive Mental Score 11.82 (1.93) 11.78 (1.71) Post-Flight Overall Positive Mental Score 11.73 (1.81) 11.76 (1.61)

A 2 (treatment groups: water vs. Red Bull) × 2 (test: pre-flight vs. post-flight) mixed model ANOVA was conducted to compare two groups of participants on Overall Positive Mental Score. The ANOVA found no evidence of a main effect for the within subjects factors – pre-flight test vs. post-flight test scores, F (1,108) = .00, p = 1.00, η2 = .000. There was no evidence of a difference between groups, F (1,108) = .04, p = .85. In addition, there was no evidence of a significant interaction between groups and Total Positive Mental Score, F (1,108) = .04, p = .84. A Means Plot described in Figure 6.6, presents how each group rated the overall positive mental items in the pre-flight test and post-flight test, and with one line representing each group.

6.9.2.5 Overall Well-Being Score

Table 6.41 presents means and standard deviations of Overall Well-Being Score in the pre-flight test and post-flight test between the treatment groups.

Table 6.41 Overall Well-Being Score

Water (N = 55) M (SD) Red Bull (N = 55) M (SD)

Pre-Flight Well-Being Score 17.00 (2.86) 16.51 (2.76) Post-Flight Well-Being Score 17.11 (2.47) 16.80 (2.58) Difference Score .11 (-.39) .29 (-.18)

A 2 (treatment groups: water vs. Red Bull) × 2 (test: pre-flight vs. post-flight) mixed model ANOVA was performed to compare two groups of participants on Overall Well- Being Score. The ANOVA found no evidence of a main effect for the within subjects factors – pre-flight test vs. post-flight test scores, F (1,108) = .46, p = .50, η2 = .004. There was no evidence of a difference between groups, F (1,108) = .93, p = .34. In addition, there was no evidence of a significant interaction between groups and Overall Well-Being Score, F (1,108) = .10, p = .76. A Means Plot described in Figure 6.7, presents how each group rate the overall well-being items in the pre-flight test and post- flight test, and with one line representing each group.