SINTESIS Y CONCLUSIONES GENERALES Y ESPECIFICAS: 362
ANÁLISIS HISTÓRICO-GEOGRÁFICO, ESTRUCTURAS SOCIALES Y PRINCIPIOS ARQUITECTÓNICOS
I. MARCO TEMPORAL Y ESPACIAL S XV-
I.1 AROUSA, COMARCA DEL SALNÉS
Once a set of residential energy efficiency indicators is identified, the corresponding en- ergy consumption data and occupant activity data need to be collected. It is very important to find an optimal approach to collect data, as data collection could be a costly task in time and money if an unsuitable strategy was chosen for some kind of data. IEA concludes the different methods used to collect energy consumption and activity data across end- use sectors like household energy consumption within the residential range. The detailed approaches and the corresponding strengths and weaknesses of them are listed in Table 4.1.
Energy efficiency indicators for residential sector
Energy consumption data Unit Occupant activity data
Space heating kWh
Unit
Space cooling kWh Water heating kWh Cold & warm water m3
Room lighting kWh Household appliances
(including ICT) kWh
Heated area m2 Cooled area m2 Size of household person Size of household person
Dwelling area m2 Amount and power of
appliances -; W
Energy efficiency indicator =Energy consumption Activity data
Percentatge of renewable energy source % CO2 reduction
kg CO2/
energy unit
Table 4.1 Comparison of data collection approaches with Pros and Cons - Residential sector
Approach Definition Application Pros Cons
1. Administrative sources
Data, which have been col- lected by government (na- tional, local), companies and agencies during the pre-implementation phase of project.
- For collecting the most macro-data (e.g., num- ber of residents in a building or settlement), - Detailed sector-specific
data (e.g., information on building construction and energy equipment).
- Saving costs for a new data collection process, - Relative quick, reliable
and easily available.
- Timeliness verifying, (e.g., change of building occupants),
- Useful data could be lim- ited due to data update and protection.
2. Surveying A method for collecting data through a set of ques- tions from a sample of the population that needs to be studied (IEA 2014, p.29). It can be performed by paper- wise or online question- naires, by telephone or Email. The well-trained in- terviewers are essential for consistent and unbiased re- sults.
- Energy saving aware- ness and behaviour of residents,
- Household occupancy, - Household structure
(e.g., age, gender, edu- cation and income).
- More real and target-ori- ented data, given a well- progressed survey, - Increasing synergy be-
tween residents and building owners and en- ergy providers.
- Time consuming because of revisits and back-of- fice work (e.g., infor- mation processing and filtering), which could cause potentially high costs in term of money, - Risk of incomplete or
fake responses, biases and sample errors,
- Requirement of staff training.
3. Measuring Data are directed measured through the corresponding equipment (i.e. meters) in-
- Collecting consumption data for space heat- ing/cooling,
- Electricity consumption
- Accurate and in-time energy consumption at end-use or equipment level,
- High investment of meas- urement equipment and data transmission net- work,
stalled in houses or dwell- ings. The measured data can either be read by households themselves or transmitted to a processing centre.
for room lighting and other household appli- ances,
- Information on pre- ferred room temperature set in different rooms within a dwelling.
- Intuitive experience of households about their energy consumption, which can shed light on awareness and behav- iour change.
- Willingness or ac- ceptance of households to install measuring equip- ment inside dwelling are crucial,
- Possible malfunctioning of equipment.
4. Modelling A designed model pro- duces a set of output data based on necessary input data and assumptions. All output data need to be vali- dated against existing input data.
- Residential energy con- sumption varying with occupancy rate， - CO2 emissions based on
inputting emission fac- tors and energy con- sumption，
- Modelling energy con- suming behaviour based on occupants needs and awareness.
- Cost- and time-effec- tive，
- Designed based on pur- pose，
- Consolidation of a num- ber of data from multi- ple sources，
- Producing many types of data that cannot be measured or surveyed.
- Strongly depends on in- put data (availability and quality),
- Depends on a degree of assumption, which might affect the reasonability and correctness of re- sults.
Depending on the availability of data and the purpose of the indicators, a wide spectrum of indicators is developed to assess energy efficiency in residential sector. In summary, the most common or recommended energy efficiency indicators for residential sector are summarized in Table 4.2.
Table 4.2 Summary list of the main energy efficiency indicators for residen-
tial sector
Indicator Application/
Coverage
Energy data Activity data
Space heating en- ergy consumption per dwelling
Space heating en- ergy system in building-wise
The total space heating energy con- sumption of the whole building
Total number of dwellings within the building
Space heating en- ergy consumption per heated area (≈ floor area)
Space heating en- ergy system in dwelling-wise
The total space heating energy con- sumption of indi- vidual dwelling
Heated area (≈ floor area) of dwelling
Space heating en- ergy system in building-wise
The total space heating energy con- sumption of the whole building
Heated area (≈ floor area) of the whole building, excluded the common area (e.g., stairways, basement, elevators) Space heating en-
ergy consumption per capita
Space heating en- ergy consumption in household-wise
The total space heating energy con- sumption of indi- vidual dwelling*
Size of household or total number of peo- ple who live in a dwelling
Space cooling en- ergy consumption per dwelling with air conditioning (A/C)
Space cooling en- ergy system in building-wise
The total space cooling energy consumption (elec- tricity for A/C) of the whole building
Total number of dwellings with A/C within the building
Space cooling en- ergy consumption per floor area (≈ cooled area)
Space cooling en- ergy system in dwelling-wise
The total space cooling energy consumption of in- dividual dwelling
Cooled area, same as heated area (≈ floor area) of dwelling
Space cooling en- ergy system in building-wise
The total space cooling energy consumption (elec- tricity for A/C) of the whole building
Cooled area, same as cooled area (≈ floor area) of the whole building, excluded the common area (e.g., stairways, basement, elevators) Space cooling en-
ergy consumption per capita
Space cooling en- ergy consumption in household- /dwelling-wise
The total space cooling energy consumption of in- dividual dwelling*
Size of household, or total number of peo- ple who live in a dwelling
Water heating en- ergy consumption per dwelling
Water heating system of build- ing
The total water heating energy con- sumption of all dwellings
Total number of dwellings within the building
Water heating en- ergy consumption per capita
Water heating system of dwell- ing
The total water heating energy con- sumption of indi- vidual dwelling
Size of household, or total number of peo- ple who live in a dwelling
Water (cold + warm) consump- tion per dwelling
Water supply sys- tem of building
The total water consumption (cold + warm) of all dwellings
Total number of dwellings within the building
Water (cold + warm) consump- tion per capita
Water supply sys- tem of dwelling
The total water consumption (cold + warm) of individ- ual dwelling
Size of household, or total number of peo- ple who live in a dwelling
Room lighting en- ergy consumption per dwelling
Total lighting en- ergy consumption
Total number of dwellings within the building
Room lighting en- ergy consumption per floor area
In dwelling-wise Total lighting en- ergy consumption of individual dwell- ing
Floor area of individ- ual dwelling
In building-wise Total lighting en- ergy consumption of individual build- ing
Total floor area of the whole building, including all com- mon area
Room lighting en- ergy consumption
In household-wise Total lighting en- ergy consumption
per capita of individual household
total number of peo- ple who live in a dwelling
Cooking energy consumption per dwelling/house- hold with same en- ergy source
In building-wise Total cooking en- ergy consumption Total number of dwellings within a building Cooking energy consumption per capita
In household-wise Total cooking en- ergy consumption of a household
Size of household, or total number of peo- ple who live in a dwelling
Household appli- ances energy con- sumption (electric- ity) per dwelling
In building-wise Total appliances energy consump- tion Total number of dwellings within a building Household appli- ances energy con- sumption (electric- ity) per capita
In household-wise Total appliances energy consump- tion of a household
Size of household, or total number of peo- ple who live in a dwelling
Household appli- ances energy con- sumption (electric- ity) per appliance unit
By the type of ap- pliance
Electricity con- sumed for any type of appliances
Number of this type appliance
* One dwelling includes one or more households. In term of energy consumption in resi- dential sector, it is more convenient to collect and consider the consumption and activity data for a dwelling as a whole than by household living in the same dwelling.