Capítulo 2. Concepción y operacionalización del conocimiento en la AC: Estado del
3.2 ARS, bibliometria y análisis del discurso
bacteria (e.g. Bifidobacteria spp., and Lactobacilli spp.,) in the GIT that potentially improved the digestion of carbohydrates, protein and minerals (Jin et al., 1998). Previous research indicates that supplementation of DFM increased the AID of AA for broiler chicks (Li et al., 2008). These beneficial DFM organisms promoted the uptake of glucose, AA and minerals across the intestinal epithelium (Wu, 1998). Moreover, DFM may affect luminal nutrient metabolism, resulting in changes in the amounts of carbohydrate and AA (free and protein-bound) in ileal digesta (Wu, 1998; Snel et al., 2002). Published data indicate that supplementation of DFM in corn-SBM diets fed to broilers increased the AMEn (Li et al., 2008; Mountzouris et al., 2010), although few studies have examined this response.
EFFECTS OF DIRECT-FED MICROBIAL ON DISEASE AND PATHOGEN COLONIZATION
Several experiments with undefined and defined probiotic cultures have been conducted to control or reduce pathogen colonization. It has been shown experimentally that DFM treatment protects chicks against C. jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes, pathogenic E. coli, Yersinia enterocolitica and C. perfringens (Schneitz, 2005). Supplementation of Lactobacillus based probiotic cultures significantly reduced Salmonella enteritidis recovery in challenged neonatal broiler chicks (Vicente et al., 2008), while B. cereus var. toyoi reduced colonization and invasion of S. enteritidis, both in broiler chickens and white leghorn chickens. It has been shown that the presence C. jejuni was reduced in broiler chickens fed multi-species of DFM containing L.
acidophilus, L. casei, B. thermophilus, and E. faecium (Willis and Reid, 2008). Feeding L.
acidophilus and Streptococcus faecium has been found to reduce Campylobacter spp. shedding in broiler chickens (Morishita et al., 1997). Lactobacillus culture reduced the in vitro colonization and shedding of C. jejuni by lowering the environmental pH (Fooks and Gibson, 2002). Pathogen exclusion by DFM in poultry has been well documented, including a reduction of E. coli, Salmonella spp, C. jejuni, and Eimeria acervulina (Morishita et al., 1997; Dalloul et al., 2003).
The symbiotic DFM enhance resistance to infection by competing with pathogens for nutrients or attachment sites, or more directly by antagonistic action against undesirable microorganisms, i.e., a barrier effect (Schneitz, 2005). Therefore, DFM could be a possible strategy to control pathogenic colonization and shedding and thus to maintain a healthy indigenous gut microbiota.
EFFECTS OF DIRECT-FED MICROBIAL ON PERFORMANCE
Supplementation of DFM has been shown to increase body weight gain and feed efficiency in broilers fed corn-SBM diets (Jin et al., 1998; Markovicva et al., 2009; Mountzouris et al., 2010).
Body weight gain, carcass yield and feed efficiency were significantly increased for broiler chicks fed DFM for a 45-d period (Awad et al., 2009). Improved bird performance including increased body weight gain, feed efficiency and low mortality were reported with birds supplemented with DFM and challenged with E. acervulina (Dalloul et al., 2003a). Addition of DFM in corn-SBM diet fed to laying hens resulted in increased egg characteristics including shell thickness and Haugh unit (Lee et al., 2010b). Feed intake, feed conversion ratio and number of damaged eggs were reduced in another experiment when laying hens were fed DFM supplemented corn-SBM diet, although no difference in egg production or egg weight were noted (Balevi et al., 2001).) Increased performance in pullets fed DFM in two different experiments was observed with increased hen-day egg production, egg weight, egg mass, and egg size and reduced feed intake and feed conversion ratio (Nahashon et al., 1994).
Conclusions
Supplementation of EE with corn-SBM-DDGS diets to poultry has been reported to increase the activity of endogenous digestive enzymes and digestibility of nutrients and energy.
This results in increased efficiency in extracting dietary energy. Addition of DFM in poultry diets has been demonstrated to improve intestinal integrity by increasing epithelial barrier functions and reducing pathogen colonization. Increased intestinal integrity results in energy contributions by lowering the demands of activating acute immune response. Therefore the beneficial effects of EE and DFM on energy metabolism could be attributed to their action in increasing intestinal efficiency as well as integrity independently. Data described above demonstrate that specific EE
and DFM can communicate with the intestinal epithelium to modulate the physiology through complex mechanisms. These modulations may lead to increased energy savings as well as a reduction in energy spent for constant activation of acute immune response, resulting in a positive energy balance. Tracking this excess energy will be a challenge, particularly when using the combination of EE and DFM, and more research is necessary to explore and define these mechanisms as well as the resulting effects.
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