Asimismo, se practica liquidación a la esposa por el Impuesto citado. (

The highest weekly and overall (2783.6 mL) water consumption was seen for poults fed the CPC treatment. This treatment effect is difficult to explain, particularly because all diets were balanced to the same minimum mineral content. Sodium, calcium, phosphorus, and potassium were similar in the CPC, CGM, FM, and PM treatments, yet water consumption was much higher in the CPC treatment. Sodium is typically viewed as the nutrient that causes high water consumption, however, sodium was not higher in the CPC diet and on an ingredient level, CPC was not the ingredient with the highest sodium level, as FM had a sodium level of 1.50%, while the level of sodium in CPC was 1.08%. This indicates that there is another component of the diet that was not assessed, but may cause the birds on the CPC treatment to have a higher water intake.

Water consumption of poults on the SBM diet was not higher than birds fed PM, which was interesting to note as the digesta moisture was significantly higher in SBM than PM. This

suggests that another factor, other than water consumption influenced digesta moisture, such as protein level, electrolyte balance, or non-digestible fractions of the diet (Francesch and Brufau, 2004). The effect of age on the water:feed and water:gain ratio is interesting, as SBM has relatively high values in the first two wks, but in wk 3, it has the lowest values. This indicates that there something in SBM that causes increased water consumption in the first two wks, but after that time, poults appear to adapt. This could be due to a variety of factors, including changes in microbiota of the GIT as they adapt to the feed or the effect of oligosaccharides within the GIT. This may also indicate that d 21 was too late to look at the digesta moisture and osmolarity, and that a larger effect would have been found if these samples were also collected on d 7 and 14. The increased digesta moisture in the SBM treatment group may be attributed to the presence of oligosaccharides in the diet, as these compounds tend to be hydroscopic and lead to water retention in the digestive tract (Graham et al., 2002). The potassium level may also have influenced the digesta moisture level, as it was higher in the SBM (1.12%) than any of the other diets (0.93 to 0.98%).

When looking at the response variables between animal and vegetable protein sources, the diets containing vegetable protein had increased water consumption, water:feed, water:gain, and terminal ileum digesta moisture at day 21. The elevated water consumption and excreta moisture in the vegetable fed diets was also observed by Vieira and Lima (2005). This response may, however, be skewed by the fact that the CPC values were so high.

3.6 Conclusions

Determining digestibility and energy levels and using this information to determine which ingredient fits best into early turkey diets is a crucial first step when formulating these diets. The feeding value results from this study indicate that ingredients such as SBM and CPC

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are valuable in terms of providing highly digestible protein to poults. This contradicts the results from the performance trial, however, which indicate that SBM at very high levels can reduce early poult growth. Feeding high levels of SBM leads to decreased performance and has other effects, including increased water:gain, feed:gain, and digesta moisture that may have negative consequences. These effects appear to last for the first 2 wks only and can be mitigated with the addition of a second protein source within the diet. Choosing the partner protein source for SBM does not appear to be highly important, as all protein sources tested in this research had a

positive impact on performance. The highly digestible SBM is still the base of the diet and poultry nutritionists can make up for any lacking AA with synthetic AA, however, this can only be accomplished if the digestibility of the feed ingredients are taken into account. Due to the importance of the first two wks to ensure the poults have a good start, it is important to understand the effect of supplementing SBM with an alternative protein source to reduce the negative performance impact observed in this study. The best performance was observed with PM was added to SBM. This is an interesting result because PM was one of the more poorly digestible ingredients tested, so the increased performance is likely do to other attributes of PM.

Formulating early turkey diets based on accurate digestibility values and understanding exactly what is being provided to the poult in the feed will have a positive effect on performance. Using this strategy gives the formulator the opportunity to strategically choose ingredients which the poult is able to use efficiency. Overall, combining SBM with an alternative protein source, and particularly combining SBM with PM, has a positive effect of poult performance in the first two wks and is recommended to avoid potential effects from residual ANF in the SBM, as well as to help reduce the digesta moisture.

4.0 THE EFFECT OF PROTEIN SOURCES ON HISTOLOGICAL AND BARRIER