5 ESTUDIO EMPÍRICO DEL PROCESO PENAL EN MATERIA DE VIOLENCIA DE GÉNERO
5.3 Asistencia Letrada a las víctimas de violencia de género
High variability existed in the age distribution of participants in adult education programs, as shown in Table 2.5. Forty-six percent of participants were between the ages of 25 and 44 and an additional 17 percent were older than age 45. A consequence of this variability in age is the potential impact of health on performance.
The background questionnaire for the Learner Survey asked learners about various aspects related to their physical and mental health. It included questions on (a) their overall impression concerning their health, (b) how they felt about their lives over the past 12 months, (c) how much their health limited everyday activities, (d) whether their physical health interfered with their work or daily activities, (e) whether any emotional problems interfered with their work or daily activities, (f ) the extent to which pain may have interfered with their normal work, (g) how often they felt calm and peaceful, (h) how often they had lots of energy, (i) how often they felt downhearted and blue, and (j) how often their physical health or emotional problems interfered with social activities. These variables, examined through latent class analysis resulted in the identification of four classes of adults based on the overall health. Figure 2.17 shows the results of this analysis for each component of the health indicator, as probabilities of agreeing with certain statements concerning their health. The interpretation of the four classes for health follows.
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Class 1 represents 31 percent of participants in adult education programs. These adult learners had a high likelihood of being satisfied with their lives and had a moderate likelihood of saying they were in excellent health. Their physical health, emotional health, and pain did not interfere with their everyday activities. In the past 4 weeks they were moderately likely to feel calm and peaceful, have energy, and not feel downhearted and blue. This class represents adults who are in excellent health. The first set of bars in Figure 2.17 shows the probabilities that adult learners in health Class 1 responded in a particular way to the selected set of questions about their health (see the full set of response probabilities in Table 2.15).•
Class 2 represents 37 percent of participants in adult programs. These learners had a moderate likelihood of being satisfied with their lives and had a moderate likelihood of saying their health was very good or good. Their current health was not interfering with their everyday activities, they did not have problems at work or other regular activities because of their physical health, and pain did not interfere with their normal work. They were moderately likely to say that most of the time they felt calm and peaceful, had energy, and they reported feeling downhearted only a little of the time. Their social activities were not affected by their physical or emotional problems. This class represents adults in good health. The second set of bars in Figure 2.17 shows the probabilities that adult learners in health Class 2 responded in a particular way to the selected set of questions about their health (see the full set of response probabilities in Table 2.15).•
Class 3 represents 29 percent of participants in adult programs. Adult learners in this class differed from those in Class 1 in terms of their emotional health. These learners had a moderate likelihood of being satisfied with their lives over the past 12 months and were more likely to say their health was good. Their current health was not interfering with everyday activities and pain did not interfere with their normal work. While they had not had any problems related to their physical health, they were more likely to have problems with work or daily activities as a result of emotional problems. In general they felt calm and peaceful, had energy, and did not feel downhearted and blue. Their social activities had been limited some of the time by physical or emotional problems. This class represents adults in moderate health. The third set of bars in Figure 2.17 shows the probabilities that adult learners in health Class 3 responded in a particular way to the selected set of questions about their health (see the full set of response probabilities in Table 2.15).•
Class 4 represents less than 4 percent of participants in adult programs. These learners had a low likelihood of being satisfied with their lives and reported that their health was in fair condition. They reported that their current health was interfering with their daily activities, and they were likely to have problems at work or other regular activities because of their physical health, including the existence of pain which interfered quite a bit in their normal work. They reported that only some of the time they were calm and peaceful, had energy and did not feel downhearted. Their social activities had been limited some of the time by physical or emotional problems. This class represents adults in poor health. The fourth set of bars in Figure 2.17 shows the probabilities that adult learners in health Class 4 responded in a particular way to the selected set of questions about their health (see the full set of response probabilities in Table 2.15).Chapter 2
The health classes can also be examined according to their relationship with performance and other background variables. Previous studies that have looked at the relationship between literacy and health activities have shown that health literacy was related to wealth indicators, reading practices, and social factors including educational attainment and age (Rudd, Kirsch, and Yamamoto 2004). Table 2.16 shows the percentage of adult learners and their average performance on the three scales for each of the four health classes.
Figure 2.18 shows no strong relationship between health classes and performance. Average performances in Classes 1 and 4 are statistically different only on the prose literacy scale, where adult learners in Class 4 performed on average 19 points higher than adults in Class 1. This relationship is not clear as Class 4 represents adults who reported health problems. Significant differences between Class 1 and Class 4 were also found among 12 demographic categories, including 4 categories on the prose literacy scale, 3 categories on the document literacy scale, and 1 category on the numeracy scale. Within these, differences were found for female learners and adults ages 46 to 55 on two literacy scales, and adults who were employed on all three scales. Some other differences on the characteristics of the distribution of adults within classes of health included Class 1 having 20 percent more non-native than
Figure 2.17
Classification of health for participants of adult education programs, AEPS population
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Health: Satisfied with life
Pain did not interfere at all with normal work during the past 4 weeks Health or emotional problems have not interfered at all with social activities Physical health did not interfere with accomplishments at work or other daily activities Physical health did not limit the type of work or other daily activities Emotional health did not interfere with accomplishments at work or other daily activities Emotional health did not limit the type of work or other daily activities Pain did not interfere with normal work
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4
Probability
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