Aspectos éticos

Angelina M. Kovalenko 5

1 _{Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University, Novocherkassk, Russia.} 2 _{North Caucasus Social Institute, Stavropol, Russia.}

3 _{Don State Technical University, Shakhty, Rostov, Russia.} 4 _{Don State Technical University, Shakhty, Rostov, Russia.}

5 _{Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University, Novocherkassk, Russia.}

*corresponding author

Abstract

The health issues of the young population have reached today the level of national security, since the health of the nation is one of the important indicators reflecting the country's potential, as well as one of the characteristics of its national security. Social health of Russian youth now occupies an important place in the sociological discourse, due to the complexity of the process of adaptation of young Russians in an unpredictable transforming reality. National security is the most important condition for the full development of Russian youth. The formation and preservation of physical, mental and social health of Russian youth leads to accelerating the socio-economic development of society and ensuring national security.

Keywords: Russian youth, national security, social health, physical and mental well-being, socio- economic well-being, socio-psychological stability.

Introduction

In recent decades, Russian social science has identified the health of youth as part of a global agenda, the solution of which is conditioned not only by the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the future development of society, but also by the prospect of its continued existence as a socio-biological species. Radical social, political and economic changes in the country and the world affect and complicate the conditions of social life, change the socio-cultural situation that affects the formation and development of the personality, lead to the emergence of new factors that affect the state of social health. Issues related to national security at this stage of the social system in crisis conditions of life, risk- taking society and instability are of particular relevance. It is indisputable that national security is a very important condition for the full development of the younger generation, the preservation and strengthening of its social health. In its turn, the social health of young people, is a kind of "product" of social interactions among young people in society, the primary basis of the active value nature of its anti-crisis life and vitality (Morev, 2013), the condition for the formation of social maturity and guarantee of the well-being of youth in its future life.

The urgency of the study of health of the Russian youth in the context of ensuring national security is explained by three objective circumstances. Firstly, now, in a systemic crisis that covers various spheres of social life, appears an increasingly deeper awareness of the importance of health as the main determinant of constructive and full-fledged development of society (the World Health Organization (WHO) Constitution, 2008). Secondly, the study of the health status of society as a whole is impossible without the study of young people as a special socio-demographic group that ensures the future of Russian society and determines the potential and trajectory of its development. Russian youth, the state of its physical, mental and social health are the main guarantor of the national security of the society, since it is the youth that is its main social resource, and its future. Thirdly, the issue of national security is directly linked to the problem of public health in general, and young people, as a part thereof, in

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particular. This can be confirmed by the traditional interpretation of security, which, above all, implies the protection, preservation and physical survival of society, as well as the ability to respond adequately to all real and potential threats and relatively painlessly endure them (Lyz, 2005). National security is an indicator of the health status of a nation, which means that the combined effect of exogenous factors of a harmful nature will not jeopardize the physical existence of the younger generation and will not significantly reduce the quality of life and health (Kamenskaya & Tolmacheva, 2014). In turn, the national health or health of the nation is the basis for the safety of the entire social system, i.e. such a state in which its integrity, stability and viability are preserved in the process of interaction of its structural components (subsystems: economic, political, demographic, information, cultural, etc., elements: social groups, organizations, institutions, individuals) with each other and with the environment during the existence and development of society (Vodenko et al., 2017; Rodionova et al., 2017; Davoudi, 2018).

Research Methodology

This research uses a complex interdisciplinary approach containing a number of approaches, including: sociological, psychological, axiological, and the concept of national security applied to the analysis of the social health of youth.

The concept "national security" is considered, on the basis of theoretical and methodological studies of G.V. Grachev (2003) and I.A. Baeva (2008), how the youth experience a sense of security, justice in interaction with the social environment, the opportunities for this environment and individual to prevent and eliminate threats in the presence of resilience resources external and internal destructive influences. The basics of studying the health of the younger generation within the framework of sociological science are laid down in the works of such eminent scholars as: M. Weber (1994), T. Parsons (1997); later they were developed by W. Cockerham (2000) in the study of a healthy lifestyle; I. Dowell & C. Newell (1997) - in analyzing the role of social institutions in ensuring public health and treating it as a factor of national security. The beginning of the study of health in Russia from the standpoint of sociological and socio- philosophical comprehension in the context of ensuring social security is associated with the works of V.P. Kaznacheev (2004), P.I. Kalyu (1998) and others.

The analysis of research works devoted to the problem of social health of the youth gives us grounds to distinguish the following approaches: socialization (R.A. Zobov &O.A. Kelasiev, 2005), adaptive (N.A. Chentemirova, 2006), activity (V.V. Kolbanov, 2010), value-motivational (L.V. Kolpina, 2009), integration (T.B. Sergeeva, 2010).

The article does not consider all the components of the national security - because the topic is too broad and goes beyond the scope of this article, it focuses on the issue of national security in the context of the formation of social health of modern Russian youth, which is characterized not only by a decline in physical health indicators and an increase in morbidity, but also by a significant deterioration in the social component of health, which is manifested in the growth of youth crime, illiteracy and spiritual and social degradation in the youth environment, extremism, cruelty and intolerance.

Applying the concept of national security to the analysis of the health of youth as a social group, modern sociological science considers the concepts of "health of the young population", "health of the population", "health of the nation". We believe that they all clearly coincide with the category "public health", which is a concept reflecting the ability of young people to fully perform functions for the further development of society and to lead a way of life that will ensure the formation, strengthening and preservation of this ability.

Results

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Social welfare, according to the definition of the World Health Organization (WHO), along with physical and mental well-being, is one of the three main components of public health. Its essential characteristics are the mechanisms of social protection and security of citizens and the rights of individuals to free, active manifestation of their biological, social and psychological capabilities and their actual implementation in the reality. This definition of WHO is based on the unconditional interpretation of health as a state influenced by factors, not only of a purely somatic, physiological nature, but also socio- cultural, psychosocial, socio-political, socio-economic factors. It is noteworthy that WHO experts have proved that improving the quality of life of all segments of the population leads to an acceleration of the country's socio-economic development, growth of its gross national product and national security in general.

Obviously, for this reason, the Interdepartmental Commission for Health Protection of the Population of the Russian Security Council has defined health as the leading system-forming factor of national security (Morev, 2013). The strategic goal of public health policy in the context of ensuring the security of the nation is to preserve and strengthen the health of young people, and to ensure the achievement of the key goals laid down in the Concept of Long-Term Social and Economic Development of the Russian Federation for the period to 2020. This is due to the fact that, against the backdrop of socio-economic instability, inadequate security of the environment in our society, there is a steady tendency to deterioration of the health of young people (Lubsky et al., 2015).

The most important category for the scientific study of national security is the "vital interests" of the individual, society and the state, by which the law "On Security" means "a set of needs, the satisfaction of which reliably ensures the existence and opportunities for the progressive development of the individual, society and the state" (Law of the Russian Federation "On Security", 1997). V.P. Kaznacheev (2008) notes "The needs realized by society, classes, social groups, individuals, act as their interests. Awareness of interests is complex, including all forms of public consciousness - political, legal and philosophical; they are formed on the ideological and psychological levels ... Interests are the main determinant and starting point of people's historical creativity".

The attitude of young people to themselves, to the society, social activity, the degree of their satisfaction with life creates a space of national security against the menacing factors of their life activity. National security is a state of dynamic balance of youth's relations to the world, to the society, to itself, its activity and satisfaction, corresponding to various menacing influences of both the external and internal world. National security contributes to the ability of young people to self-develop, maintain integrity and realize their own goals and values in the process of life and social activity (Gafiatulina et al., 2017).

The development of modern Russian youth in the context of uncertainty and riskiness of the social environment in overcoming dangerous circumstances that threaten its social health is the opportunity for young people to form themselves, choose their own way of life and self-actualization of the individual. Social health of young people is the basis for the safety of the entire social system, i.e. such a state in which its integrity, socio-psychological stability and viability in the process of interaction of its structural components are maintained (Vereshchagina et al., 2015). These structural components of security are not only socio-economic, demographic, cultural, etc., but above all - national security.

T.V. Eksakusto (2011) in her monograph on the theoretical foundations of national security emphasizes that the most important criterion for the safety of the younger generation is its integrity, which includes physical, mental, spiritual and social component. Moreover, the personal growth of youth and its development (as a result of overcoming various dangers, crisis conditions of life activity and maintaining their integrity) is no less important criterion of safety.

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It is necessary to emphasize that no young person can stay in full social and psychological security, as well as in the state of absolute social health, there can only be different degrees of danger for social health as well. Social health and socio-psychological security are only known as ideal states to which one should strive. In this regard, it will be more correct to speak not just about ensuring national security of Russian youth, but about protecting its life in crisis conditions, and the problem of shaping its social health, taking into account the fact that the viability of Russian society, its social potential and prospects for development are directly linked namely with the youth and the level of its social health (Shakhbanova et al., 2018).

The empirical picture of the social health of young people turns out to be very contradictory, which reflects the contradictions of the instability of the social life of contemporary Russian youth. Thus, N.B. Parfenova (2013), exploring how the student-youth perceives factors that threaten its socio-psychological existence, among the main threats, indicates a loss of sense of security, a feeling of uncertainty about the future and a threat to socio-economic well-being.

According to the results of our study, every second respondent notes the existence of problems in the modern Russian society related to "difficulties with finding a job", "social insecurity," every third is concerned about the dangerous situation in society, the presence of "national and religious conflicts", and "growth in youth extremism ".

Discussion

What are the specific features of national security?

The concept of national security of the Russian Federation, as well as the concept of health itself, is multifaceted and implies various aspects of state activity. However, if we adhere to the normative content, according to the National Security Concept (1997) under the national security is understood the safety of its population from external and internal threats in all spheres of life, and the health of youth is not an exception here. It should be noted, that the structure of national security is multifaceted and consists of many components that are determined by various spheres of national interests of the individual and society. Such components are military-strategic and socio-economic security, information and political security, food and environmental security, intellectual and spiritual security, demographic and valeological security (security in the formation, protection and promotion of health) (Shakhbanov et al., 2016).

As the analysis of the scientific literature shows, in general, the national security of the individual is considered in the system of various aspects of scientific knowledge: life safety, public safety and includes a system of various methods and techniques that increase the level of the socio-psychological security of the individual in crisis situations that pose a threat to life, health, psychological and social well-being. Modern researchers consider national security as the security of an individual, assuming both external and internal security conditions, which include elements of socio-psychological experience of a person, summarized in the ability and willingness to recognition, anticipation and avoidance of all sorts of dangers and threats to social health in a variety of crisis situations. These elements presuppose the possession of appropriate knowledge and skills, a certain level of development of mnemic, perceptual, intellectual, emotional-volitional abilities, as well as formed motivation to ensure safety in crisis conditions of life (Gafiatulina, 2012.).

It is important to note that WHO experts have convincingly demonstrated that improving the quality of life, forming and maintaining the physical, mental and social health of all segments of the population, and young people in particular, leads to accelerating the socio-economic development of society and ensuring national security in general.

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A key component for describing a socially healthy young person is the notion of "harmony" that allows one to experience an internal sense of social and psychological security of young people even in crisis life conditions. This idea was highlighted by A.I. Anisimov (2011) in his thesis, he said that social health of the individual reflects the degree of harmony of the individual with the social environment and the degree of social maturity. A similar understanding of social health can also be found in works by L.A. Baykova (2011). Thus, she argues that the social health of the youth is a state of harmony in the relationship of a young person with the environment, culture, and society, harmony that contributes not only to effective development and self-actualization, but also to a beneficial influence on the formation of national security.

Social health, being a social phenomenon by its nature, is also an indicator of the individual social health of every young person, and the social health of society. It should be noted, that at an individual level, social health is an integral characteristic of the full value of both the physical and psychosocial functioning of young people, the maturity of the mechanisms of their personal self-regulation, the ability to successfully interact with the social environment and act as an active subject of their own life, while experiencing a feeling of psychosocial comfort and security. As for society, at this level, social health is an essential characteristic of the viability of the youth in any conditions of the life activity, including crisis, its opportunities for harmonious development in various spheres (economic, political, spiritual, social, psychological) (Mullakhmedova et al., 2017). At this level, the social health of young people is a condition that ensures harmonious relations between the inner needs of young people and the needs of society, which guides young people to fulfill their vital (biological and socio-psychological) functions.

Conclusion

Thus, the social health of a young personality is a serious condition for national security. Therefore, the formation, preservation and strengthening of the social health of Russian youth is considered as one of the most important tasks of society and the state.

In this regard, in the practice of shaping the social health of young people in order to ensure national security, several areas need to be identified:

 development and implementation of the concept of social work with young people.

The guidelines for this work can be the prevention and overcoming of disadaptive situations, the improvement of the way of life, the eradication of social prejudices and bad habits. In carrying out this complex activity, it is necessary to rely on modern technologies of social work with youth and develop its own social potential (Gafiatulina et al., 2017);

 propaganda and explanation of the main issues of the optimal tactics of behavior in hazardous conditions and situations;

 socio-psychological expertise that allows us to work out the most appropriate recommendations for the "right" behavior of young people in conditions that threaten their physical, mental and social health, as well as the prevention of inadequate behavior;

 special education, during which the formation of specific personal qualities that contribute to the socio-psychological stability of the individual and the readiness for certain actions in case of danger to confront its negative social and psychological impacts;

 it is necessary to strengthen the role of state regulation of social processes and the formation of an effective and adequate modern social youth policy within the framework of ensuring national security.