Aspectos psicológicos del duelo perinatal Definición y características del

The World Bank was originally the international bank for reconstruction and development, created for the reconstruction of the world economy after World War II. The World Bank essentially lends states money at low interest rates or no interest at all and its main goals have expanded over the years into a more global role in addressing various issues, such as:

 Poverty reduction and sustainable growth in the poorer countries, in particular, Africa.  Solutions to the special challenges of post-conflict countries and fragile states.

 Development solutions with customised services, as well as financing for middle income countries.

 Regional and global issues that cross national borders.  Greater development and opportunity in the Arab world.

 Pulling together the best global knowledge to support developments.

(Garcia, 2009) A particular challenge that is faced by the World Bank is that there are no harmonised procurement rules or systems at the international level yet, in many countries, it is considered a sovereign tool. However, when a state is spending money borrowed from the World Bank, the aims and goals of the bank must be considered and reflected in the procurement policies. This is further complicated by the fact that the borrowing states do not usually have developed procurement systems that are transparent and efficient. Considering that the World Bank loans US$38 billion annually, procurement is prescribed and stipulated through the loan agreement to the borrowing state (Garcia, 2009).

The World Bank procurement policies are very sophisticated; these policies are embodied in two documents:

1. Guidelines which have been drafted on the basis of three fundamental principles; non- discrimination, equity and transparency.

2. Standard bidding documents; a standard set of mandatory template documents including standard model contract conditions.

Procurement processes are monitored by the procurement department of the World Bank, which is also committed to promoting the development of the borrowing state’s procurement process (Garcia, 2009).

P a g e | 40 Procurement guidelines are divided into two main groups:

1. Goods, works and simple services (not intellectual services) are governed by the red guidelines.

2. Intellectual services are governed by the green guidelines. 2.8.1 Red Guidelines

There are four factors that generally cover the World Bank’s requirements:

1. The need for economy and efficiency in the implementation of the project, including the procurement of the goods and works involved;

2. The Bank’s interest in giving all eligible bidders from developed and developing countries the same information and an equal opportunity to compete in providing goods and works financed by the World Bank;

3. The World Bank’s interest in encouraging the development of domestic contracting and manufacturing industries in the borrowing country; and

4. The importance of transparency in the procurement process.

(Garcia, 2009) Methods

Borrowing states are to select the most suitable method for the specific procurement. In most cases international competitive bidding is the most appropriate method (unless there are provisions for domestic preference where appropriate):

1. Limited international bidding is the competitive bidding procedure normally used for public procurement in the country of the borrower and may be appropriate in procuring goods or works which, by their scope, are unlikely to attract foreign competition.

2. Shopping is a procurement method based on comparing price quotations obtained from several suppliers with the minimum number of three, to assure competitive prices. It is an appropriate method for procuring readily available, off the shelf goods, standard specification commodities or civil works of small value.

3. Direct contracting is contracting without competition and may be used in the following circumstances:

P a g e | 41 a. An existing contract for goods or works, awarded in accordance with procedures

acceptable to the World Bank, may be extended to additional goods or works of a similar nature. The bank must be satisfied in such cases that no advantage could be obtained by further competition and that the prices on the extended contract are reasonable; if considered likely, provisions for extension should be included and mentioned in the original contracting documents.

b. Standardisation of equipment or spare parts, for the purpose of achieving compatibility with existing equipment, may justify additional purchases from the original supplier; for this to be justified, the original equipment must be suitable, the number of new items should generally be lower than the existing number, the price must be reasonable, and the possible advantages of another make or source of equipment must have been considered and rejected on grounds acceptable to the Bank.

c. The required equipment is proprietary and obtainable only from one source. d. The contractor responsible for a design process requires the purchase of critical

items from a particular supplier as a condition of a performance guarantee. e. An exceptional case has arisen such as in response to a natural disaster.

f. The bank requires that, after a contract is signed between a borrower entity and a supplier, the borrower must publish the name of the supplier, price, duration and summary scope of the contract in United Nations Development Business online.

(Garcia, 2009) 2.8.2 Green Guidelines

Five main considerations guide the World Bank’s procurement process: 1. The need for high quality services;

2. The need for economy and efficiency;

3. The need to give all qualified consultants an opportunity to complete in providing the services financed by the Bank;

4. The Bank’s interest in encouraging the development and use of national consultants in its developing member countries; and

5. The need for transparency in the selection process.

P a g e | 42 Methods

1. Quality and cost-based selection: uses a competitive process among shortlisted firms. It takes into consideration the quality of a proposal and the cost of the services in the selection of the successful firm. Cost as a factor or selection must be used with caution. The relative weight given to the quality and cost will be determined in each case, according to the nature of the assignment. The selection process must include several steps which are developed in the guidelines:

a. Preparation of terms of reference; b. Preparation of cost estimate and budget; c. Advertising;

d. Preparation of the shortlist of consultants;

e. Preparation and issuance of the request for proposals; f. Receipt of proposals;

g. Evaluation of technical proposals and consideration of quality; h. Public opening of financial proposals;

i. Evaluation of financial proposals;

j. Final evaluation of quality and costs; and

k. Negotiations and award of the contract to the selected firm.

2. Quality based selection: is reserved for assignments which are complex or highly specialised, for which it proves difficult to draft Terms of Reference, and where the client expects the consultants to demonstrate innovation in their proposal.

3. Selection under a fixed budget: this is reserved for situations where the assignment is simple and can be well-defined for a fixed budget. The Request for Proposal must indicate the available budget and request the consultants to provide their best technical and financial proposals in separate envelopes.

4. Least cost selection: applies to assignments which are routine in nature, where well established practices and standards exist.

5. Selection based on the consultants’ qualifications: used for smaller assignments for which the need for preparing and evaluating competitive proposals is not justified. 6. Single source selection: where consultants can be used in exceptional cases and in the

context of the overall interest to the client and the project.

P a g e | 43 2.8.3 The Standard Bidding Document System

The World Bank has also developed three main sets of standard bidding documents which standardise and facilitate the process of preparation and evaluation of the bids, as well as contract performance. Along with the guidelines, this allows for a robust and perhaps failsafe procurement regime.

This turnkey process provided to the borrowing state facilitates the evaluation and control mechanisms. The detail and complexity of these documents may vary with the size and nature of the proposed bid package and contract, but generally include:

1. Invitation to bid; 2. Instruction to bidders; 3. Form of bid;

4. Form of contract; 5. Conditions of contract; 6. Specifications and drawings; 7. Relevant technical data;

8. Lists of goods or bill of quantities;

9. Delivery time or schedule of completion; and

10.Necessary appendices, such as formats for various securities.

Garcia (2009) mentions it is perhaps fair to say that the World Bank procurement process is becoming a reference point throughout the world as it has achieved a balance of being comprehensive, flexible, and results-orientated and has easy to understand objectives. However, he also critiques the regime as, in several states, the transparency and equality of treatment principles are not always implemented, which inevitably results that the chosen consultant’s actual performance has often led to disappointing results (Garcia, 2009).